Publication: İktidarın Sınırlanması Düşüncesinden Anayasa Yargısına Giden Süreç ve Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi Örneği
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Toplum düzenine geçmeden önce kargaşa ve savaş hali söz konusu olmuştur. İnsanlar bu ortamda can, mal ve namus güvenliklerini koruyabilmek için üstün bir otoriteye ihtiyaç duymuşlardır. Bazı hak ve yetkilerini kendi istekleri ile kendi kurdukları iktidara devretmişlerdir. Zaman içerisinde temel hak ve özgürlüklere iktidarın aşırı müdahalesi söz konusu olmuştur. Bu nedenle bazı temel hak ve özgürlükleri yeniden kazanma mücadelesi başlamıştır. Bu mücadeleler sonucunda kuvvetler ayrılığı, hukuk devleti ve anayasa kavramları ortaya çıkmıştır. Böylece sınırsız, mutlak ve her şeye gücü yeten iktidar anlayışından sınırlı ve bölünmüş bir iktidar anlayışına geçilmiştir. Temel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunması amacıyla iktidarın sınırlanması düşüncesi, anayasacılık hareketlerinin temelidir. Bunun için yazılı ve katı bir anayasa yanında, kanunların anayasaya uygunluğunun yargısal denetimine de ihtiyaç vardır. Yargısal denetim ilk olarak ABD Yüksek Mahkemesinin 1803 tarihli Marbury v. Madison davasında içtihat yolu ile ortaya çıkmıştır. Osmanlı-Türk hukukunda modern anlamdaki ilk anayasa 1876 Kanun-i Esasi'dir. Kanun-i Esasi'yi 1921, 1924, 1961 ve 1982 Anayasaları takip etmiştir. Anayasa Mahkemesi, 1961 Anayasası ile hukuk düzenimize girmiştir. Anayasa yargısı, temel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunması için iktidarın sınırlandırılmasında en ileri aşamadır. Temel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunması açısından 12 Eylül 2010 tarihli halkoylaması ile kabul edilen bireysel başvuru yolu ile anayasa yargısı daha ileri bir boyuta taşınmıştır. Ancak devam eden süreçte anayasa yargısında bir takım sorunlar da yaşanmıştır. Anayasa yargıçları anayasayı kendi kişisel görüşlerine göre yorumlayarak iktidarın siyasi tercihlerine müdahale niteliğinde kararlar verebilmektedirler. Bu durumda yerindelik denetimi söz konusu olmaktadır. Yerindelik denetiminin söz konusu olduğu durumlarda anayasa yargısının meşruluğu tartışma konusu olmaktadır. Sürekli var olacak meşruluk tartışmaları anayasa yargısı alanına müdahale edilmesine neden olabilir. Temel hak ve özgürlüklerin en önemli güvencesi olan anayasa yargısındaki kazanımlardan geriye gidiş yaşanmaması için Anayasa Mahkemesi'nin verdiği kararlarda, yaptığı yorumlarda çok hassas davranması gerekmektedir.
There has been turmoil and war before the establishment of social order. People, in this environment, have needed a superior authority in order to protect their life, property and honor security. They have transferred some of their rights and powers to the government party formed by themselves with their own request. In the course of time, there has been an excessive intervention on the fundamental rights and freedom by the government party. Thus the struggle to regain some of the fundamental rights and freedoms has begun. As a result of these struggles, the concepts of separation of powers, state of law and constitution have emerged. Thus the unlimited, absolute and omnipotent power understanding has replaced with a limited and divided government party model. The thought of restriction of the power in order to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms is the basis of the constitutionalism movement. In order to accomplish this, there is a need a judicial review of law compliance with the constitution as well as a written and solid constitution. Judicial review has firstly emerged in US Supreme Court's Marbury v. Madison case in 1803 with jurisprudence. The first modern constitution in the Ottoman-Turkish law is 1876 Kânûn-ı Esâsî (Ottoman Constitution of 1876). This Ottoman constitution has been followed by the constitutions established in 1921, 1924, 1961 and 1982, respectively. The Constitutional Court has integrated into our rule of law with Turkish Constitution of 1961. Constitutional jurisdiction is the most advanced stage in limiting the power of the government to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms. With the right to individual application adopted by the referendum organized in September 12th, 2010 on the purpose of protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms, constitutional jurisdiction has been moved to a further dimension. However, there have also been some problems in constitutional jurisdiction during the ongoing process. Constitutional judges can make decisions as interference to the political preferences of the government by interpreting the Constitution according to their own personal views. In this case, a propriety audit must be implemented. In cases where propriety audit is implemented, the legitimacy of constitutional jurisdiction becomes a matter of debate. Discussions on legitimacy that will always be continued may cause interference with the constitutional jurisdiction. In order to avoid the retrogression in the achievements of constitutional jurisdiction which is the most important guarantee for the fundamental rights and freedoms, the Constitutional Court must act very precise in its decisions, comments and interpretations.
There has been turmoil and war before the establishment of social order. People, in this environment, have needed a superior authority in order to protect their life, property and honor security. They have transferred some of their rights and powers to the government party formed by themselves with their own request. In the course of time, there has been an excessive intervention on the fundamental rights and freedom by the government party. Thus the struggle to regain some of the fundamental rights and freedoms has begun. As a result of these struggles, the concepts of separation of powers, state of law and constitution have emerged. Thus the unlimited, absolute and omnipotent power understanding has replaced with a limited and divided government party model. The thought of restriction of the power in order to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms is the basis of the constitutionalism movement. In order to accomplish this, there is a need a judicial review of law compliance with the constitution as well as a written and solid constitution. Judicial review has firstly emerged in US Supreme Court's Marbury v. Madison case in 1803 with jurisprudence. The first modern constitution in the Ottoman-Turkish law is 1876 Kânûn-ı Esâsî (Ottoman Constitution of 1876). This Ottoman constitution has been followed by the constitutions established in 1921, 1924, 1961 and 1982, respectively. The Constitutional Court has integrated into our rule of law with Turkish Constitution of 1961. Constitutional jurisdiction is the most advanced stage in limiting the power of the government to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms. With the right to individual application adopted by the referendum organized in September 12th, 2010 on the purpose of protecting the fundamental rights and freedoms, constitutional jurisdiction has been moved to a further dimension. However, there have also been some problems in constitutional jurisdiction during the ongoing process. Constitutional judges can make decisions as interference to the political preferences of the government by interpreting the Constitution according to their own personal views. In this case, a propriety audit must be implemented. In cases where propriety audit is implemented, the legitimacy of constitutional jurisdiction becomes a matter of debate. Discussions on legitimacy that will always be continued may cause interference with the constitutional jurisdiction. In order to avoid the retrogression in the achievements of constitutional jurisdiction which is the most important guarantee for the fundamental rights and freedoms, the Constitutional Court must act very precise in its decisions, comments and interpretations.
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Tez (yüksek lisans) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2016
Libra Kayıt No: 92415
Libra Kayıt No: 92415
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