Publication: Yargısal ve Siyasal Denetim Kapsamında Önleyici Denetim Mekanizması
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Devlet otoritesinin hukuki yollarla sınırlandırılması olarak tanımlanabilen anayasacılık hareketi, yasaların anayasaya uygunluk sorununu da beraberinde getirmiştir. ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi yargısal denetim yetkisinin kendisinde olduğunu 1803 yılında ünlü kararı Marbury v. Madison'da ilan etmiştir. Avrupa'da ise parlamentonun ve onun ürettiği yasaların üstünlüğü geleneği IX. yy. boyunca sürmüştür. Avrupa'daki bu anlayış, normların anayasaya uygunluğu denetiminde sadece siyasal denetimin yapılmasına sebep olmuştur. Fakat özellikle II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra kişi hak ve özgürlüklerinin yasama ve yürütmenin keyfi işlemlerine karşı korunması gerektiği ve hukuk devleti bilinci hızla yayılmaya başlamıştır. Sonuçta XX. yüzyıla gelindiğinde yaşanan gelişmeler neticesinde Avrupa'da da siyasal denetimin yanında yargısal denetim modeli ile anayasal denetim yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Tüm bu durumlar anayasal denetimde iki modelin oluşmasını sağlamıştır: ABD modeli ve Avrupa Modeli. Bunlara ilaveten anayasaya uygunluk denetiminin zamanı da çok önemli bir konudur. Devletler normların anayasaya uygunluğunu ya norm yürürlüğe girmeden önce ya da yürürlüğe girdikten sonra denetler. Bazen de bu denetim hem yürürlüğe girmeden önce hem de yürürlüğe girdikten sonra yapılır. Bir normun yürürlüğe girmeden önce anayasaya uygunluk denetiminin yapılması önleyici denetim olarak adlandırılır. Fransa önleyici denetim modelini 2008 yılına kadar uygulayan örnek ülkedir. Bir normun yürürlüğe girdikten sonra anayasaya uygunluğunun denetlenmesi ise giderici denetim olarak adlandırılır. Dünya genelinde en çok uygulanan sistem de budur. Bu iki denetim sistemi de birçok olumlu ve olumsuz özelliğe sahiptir. Bu sebeple bazı devletler bu her iki denetimin olumsuz özelliklerini törpülemek amacıyla hem önleyici hem de giderici denetimi birlikte uygulamaktadırlar.
Constitutionalism movement defined as restriction of state authority with legal ways, has brought the problem of constitutionality of statutes as well. The United States Supreme Court declared that judicial review was owned by themselves in famous decision named Marbury v. Madison dated 1803. In Europe, the tradition of Parliament and reign of law generated by it has continued during the 19th century. This approach in Europe, has caused to make only political review in the review of the constitutionality of norms. But, especially after II. World War, protection of individual rights and freedoms against arbitrary processes of executive and legislative and awareness of constitutional state has begun to spread rapidly. In the result of the developments in the twentieth century, in Europe constitutional review has been taken to with judicial review model as well as the political review. All of these situations had been provided to occur two models in constitutional review: US model and the European model. In addition to them the time of review of constitutionality is a very important issue. The states controls the constitutionality of norms either before or after the norms come into force. Sometimes, this review is made both before and after the norms come into force. To make the review of constitutionality of a norm before it comes into force is called preventive review. France is a sample country that implements preventive review model until 2008. To make the review of constitutionality of a norm after it comes into force is called a posteriori review. This is the most used system in the world as well. These two review systems have also many positive and negative features. For this reason, some states are implementing both preventive and posteriori review together to file the negative aspects of both of these reviews.
Constitutionalism movement defined as restriction of state authority with legal ways, has brought the problem of constitutionality of statutes as well. The United States Supreme Court declared that judicial review was owned by themselves in famous decision named Marbury v. Madison dated 1803. In Europe, the tradition of Parliament and reign of law generated by it has continued during the 19th century. This approach in Europe, has caused to make only political review in the review of the constitutionality of norms. But, especially after II. World War, protection of individual rights and freedoms against arbitrary processes of executive and legislative and awareness of constitutional state has begun to spread rapidly. In the result of the developments in the twentieth century, in Europe constitutional review has been taken to with judicial review model as well as the political review. All of these situations had been provided to occur two models in constitutional review: US model and the European model. In addition to them the time of review of constitutionality is a very important issue. The states controls the constitutionality of norms either before or after the norms come into force. Sometimes, this review is made both before and after the norms come into force. To make the review of constitutionality of a norm before it comes into force is called preventive review. France is a sample country that implements preventive review model until 2008. To make the review of constitutionality of a norm after it comes into force is called a posteriori review. This is the most used system in the world as well. These two review systems have also many positive and negative features. For this reason, some states are implementing both preventive and posteriori review together to file the negative aspects of both of these reviews.
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Tez (yüksek lisans) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2016
Libra Kayıt No: 91416
Libra Kayıt No: 91416
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Scopus Q
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