Publication: Organik Atıkların Toprak Kalite İndeksleri ve Nitrat Azotu Üzerine Etkileri
Loading...
Date
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Abstract
ORGANİK ATIKLARIN TOPRAK KALİTE İNDEKSLERİ VENİTRAT AZOTU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİÖZETBu çalışmada, fındık zürufu (Z), çay (Ç) ve tütün (T) atıkları ile ahır gübresinin (G)toprak düzenleyici olarak, ince ve kaba bünyeli topraklarda toprak kalite indeksleri veNO3-N'u üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Organik atıklar tesadüf parselleri denemedesenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak, kil ve tınlı kum bünyeli iki ayrı lokasyonda 0-15cm toprak derinliğine uygulanmıştır. Organik atıkların toprak kalite indeksleri olarak elealınan, toprağın hacim ağırlığı, agregat stabilitesi, infiltrasyon, tarla kapasitesi ve solmanoktası gibi fiziksel, organik karbon, toplam N, NO3-N, pH, EC, değişebilir katyonlarve yarayışlı P gibi kimyasal ve solunum oranı gibi biyolojik özellikleri üzerine olanetkileri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca 80 cm'lik toprak profili boyunca pH, EC ve NO3-N'ndakideğişimler, yetiştirilen test bitkilerinin NO3-N'u alımları ve organik düzenleyici olarakdeğerlendirilen atıkların topraktaki etkinlik süreleri de belirlenmiştir.Yaklaşık 30 aylık deneme süresince toprakların OC değerlerinde kontrole göreartışlar, killi bünyeli OMÜ Kampus deneme alanında (% 1.78-3.59) Ç > G > T > Z,tınlı kumlu bünyeli Engiz'de çiftçi arazisinde (% 1.09-2.30) Ç > Z > G > Tuygulaması şeklinde sıralanmıştır. Çay atığı, deneme alanlarında toprakların toplam Nve NO3-N'u üzerine en etkin uygulama olmuştur. Değişebilir katyonlardan Mg ve Naiçeriği her iki deneme alanında ahır gübresi uygulamasıyla, Engiz'de değişebilir Ca veK içerikleri zuruf uygulamasıyla, Kampus'te değişebilir K ahır gübresi, Ca ise tütünuygulamaları ile en fazla artış göstermiştir. Toprakların solunum oranlarının (CO2oranlarının) kontrole göre artışında en fazla etkili uygulama zuruf, en az etkili olan iseahır gübresi olmuştur.Çay atığı, toprak derinliği boyunca deneme alanlarında kontrole göre genelde pH'yıazaltmış, diğer atıklar ise artırmışlardır. EC değerleri profil boyunca deneme alanlarındauygulamalar ile genelde kontrole göre artmış, en fazla artışlar Kampus'te tütün atığı,Engiz'de ise çay atığında gözlenmiştir. Kontrole göre profildeki NO3-N değerleriKampüs'te, zuruf hariç en fazla tütün olmak üzere diğer uygulamalar ile artmış,Engiz'de ise uygulamalar NO3-N değerlerini ilk 40 cm'de artırırken daha altkatmanlarda kontrole göre genelde azaltmışlardır. Test bitkisi olarak yetiştirilen marulbitkisinin NO3-N içeriklerinde en fazla artışlar Kampus'te çay, Engiz'de ise tütün atığıuygulamaları ile elde edilmiştir. Atık uygulamaları ikinci yıl yetiştirilen fasulyebitkisinin NO3-N içeriğini her iki deneme alanında da kontrole göre artırmışlardır.Toprakların hacim ağırlıklarında kontrole göre azalışlar, Kampus'te (1.12-0.92 gcm-3) Ç = Z > T > G, Engiz'de (1.50-1.14 g cm-3 ) Z > Ç > G > T uygulaması şeklindesıralanmıştır. Toprakların agregat stabiliteleri Kampus'te ahır gübresi uygulaması (%57.07) ile kontrole (% 61.97) göre azalırken, tütün uygulaması ile en fazla artışgöstermiştir (% 68.40). Agregat stabilitelerini Engiz'de kontrole (% 24.35) göre en azartıran uygulama ahır gübresi (% 34.94) en fazla artıran uygulama ise zuruf (% 46.16)olmuştur. Tarla kapasitesini Kampus'te kontrolde % 37.23'den % 41.35'e en fazlazuruf, Engiz'de kontrolde % 10.88'den % 13.54'e en fazla çay atığı artırmıştır. Devamlısolma noktası (DSN) ve infiltrasyon üzerine en etkili uygulama Kampüs'te çay, en azetkili uygulama ise ahır gübresi olmuştur. Engiz'de ise DSN ve infiltrasyon üzerine enetkin uygulama zuruf, en az etkili uygulama DSN için tütün, infiltrasyon için ahırgübresidir. Rölatif saturasyon değerlerindeki artış, her iki deneme alanında dainfiltrasyon değerlerini azaltmıştır.Organik atıkların OC ve EC değerleri üzerine etkinlikleri kuvvet fonksiyonukullanılarak, AS üzerine etkinlikleri ise pedotransfer eşitliklerle belirlenmiştir. Toprakkalitesi açısından değerlendirildiğinde, uygulamadan sonra OC'un % 2'ye düşmesi içingerekli en uzun süre her iki deneme alanında da çay atığının üçüncü doz uygulaması ileKampus'te 43.64 ay ve Engiz'de 17.33 ay olarak hesaplanmıştır. OC'nun % 2'yedüşmesi bakımından etkinliği en az olan uygulamalar ise Kampus'te tütün atığının I.doz (17.19 ay), Engiz'de ise ahır gübresinin I. doz (6.26 ay) uygulamaları olmuştur.Organik atıkların toprak özellikleri üzerine tınlı kumlu bünyeli toprakta, killibünyeli toprağa göre daha kısa süreli fakat daha etkin olduğu gözlenmiştir. Zuruf vetütün atıklarının kaba bünyeli toprakların fiziksel özelliklerini uzun süreli iyileştirmekiçin, çay atığının ise ince bünyeli toprakların OC ve EC gibi kimyasal özellikleriniartırması için kullanılabilecek en uygun organik atıklar olarak tavsiye edilebileceğisonucuna varılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler:Ahır gübresi, fındık zurufu, tütün, çay atığı, toprak kalite indeksleri
EFFECTS OF ORGANIC WASTES ON SOIL QUALITY INDEXES ANDNITRATE NITROGENABSTRACTIn this study, effects of hazelnut husk (HH), tea (TEW) and tobacco wastes (TOW)and manure (M) as soil conditioners on soil quality indexes and NO3-N in fine andcoarse textural soils were investigated. Organic wastes were incorporated into 0-15 cmdepth of clay and loamy sand textural soils in two different locations according to therandomized plot design with three replications. The effects of organic wastes on soilquality data set which are some soil physical properties such as bulk density, aggregatestability, infiltration, permanent wilting and field capacity, chemical properties such asorganic carbon, total N, NO3-N, pH, EC, exchangeable cations, available P, andrespiration rate as a biological properties were determined. Also, changes in pH, EC andNO3- nitrogen 80 cm depth of soil profile; nutrient uptake by grown test plants; andeffectiveness and longevity of organic wastes were determined.According to the control treatment, increments in OC contents of the soils in the 30month experimental period were determined as follows: TEW > M > TOW > HH in aclay textured Ondokuz Mayıs University Campus Experimental Field (1.78- 3.59 %),and TEW > HH > M > TOW in a loamy sand textured farmer?s field in Engiz (1.09 -2.30 %). TEW was most effective on total N and NO3-N contents. In both experimentalfields, exchangeable Mg and Na content increased with manure application. The largestincrements in exchangeable Ca and K were found with HH treatment in Engiz; and withTOW and manure treatments respectively in the Campus experimental field. The mosteffective treatment for increment in respiration rate (CO2 ratio) of the soils relative tothe control was HH, and the least effective was the manure treatment in the both fields.Soil reaction (pH) through the soil profile decreased with TEW treatment andincreased with the other treatments in the both fields. EC values along the soil profileincreased with all of the treatments. The largest increment in EC values was obtainedwith TOW application at OMU Campus, and TEW application in Engiz. NO3-N valuesin soil profile relative to control, except HH treatment, increased with the othertreatments at OMU Campus. Organic waste treatments in Engiz increased the NO3-Nvalues in soil profile within the first 40 cm depth and then decreased relative to thecontrol. The largest increase in NO3-N content of lettuce, grown as a test plant, wasobtained with TEW at OMU Campus and TOW in Engiz. Relative to the control,organic waste in both fields increased the NO3-N content of green beans, grown as a testplant in the second year.Decreases in bulk densities of the soils relative to the control were determined asfollows; TEW = HH > TOW > M at OMU Campus field (1.12-0.92 g cm-3), and HH >TEW > M > TOW in Engiz field (1.50-1.14 g cm-3). Aggregate stability of the OMUCampus soil was the lowest with M application (57.07 %) according to the control, andit was obtained to be highest with TOW application (61.97 %). The least effectivetreatment on AS in the Engiz field according to the control was M (24.35 %), and themost effective one was HH (46.16 %). Field capacity increased from 37.23 % in thecontrol to 41.35 % in HH application at OMU Campus, and from 10.88 % in the controlto 13.54 % in TEW application in Engiz. To increase permanent wilting point (PWP)and infiltration, TEW was the most effective and M was the least effective among theother organic wastes applications at OMU Campus. The largest increases in PWP andinfiltration values at Engiz were obtained with HH treatment. The least effectivetreatments on PWP and infiltration values in Engiz were TOW and M treatments,respectively. Increments in relative saturation values decreased the infiltration in bothfields.The effectiveness of organic wastes on OC and EC values were determined usingpower functions. Their effectiveness on AS was also determined by pedotransferfunctions. When assessing organic wastes with respect to soil quality, the longest timeto decrease OC content to 2 % after application of organic wastes was obtained with thethird application doses of TEW in both the OMU Campus (43.64 months) and Engiz(17.33 months) fields. The least effective treatments with respect to decreasing OCcontent to 2 % were the first application doses of TOW in Campus (17.19 months) andthe first doses of M in Engiz (6.26 months).Effectiveness time of organic wastes on soil properties was shorter in loamy sandsoil than clay soil. However, organic wastes were more effective on soil properties inloamy sand soil than clay soil. It is suggested that HH and TOW can be used to improvesoil physical properties in coarse textured soil, and TEW can be used to improveorganic matter and EC values in fine textured soils.Key words: Manure, hazelnut husk, tobacco, tea waste, soil quality indexes.
EFFECTS OF ORGANIC WASTES ON SOIL QUALITY INDEXES ANDNITRATE NITROGENABSTRACTIn this study, effects of hazelnut husk (HH), tea (TEW) and tobacco wastes (TOW)and manure (M) as soil conditioners on soil quality indexes and NO3-N in fine andcoarse textural soils were investigated. Organic wastes were incorporated into 0-15 cmdepth of clay and loamy sand textural soils in two different locations according to therandomized plot design with three replications. The effects of organic wastes on soilquality data set which are some soil physical properties such as bulk density, aggregatestability, infiltration, permanent wilting and field capacity, chemical properties such asorganic carbon, total N, NO3-N, pH, EC, exchangeable cations, available P, andrespiration rate as a biological properties were determined. Also, changes in pH, EC andNO3- nitrogen 80 cm depth of soil profile; nutrient uptake by grown test plants; andeffectiveness and longevity of organic wastes were determined.According to the control treatment, increments in OC contents of the soils in the 30month experimental period were determined as follows: TEW > M > TOW > HH in aclay textured Ondokuz Mayıs University Campus Experimental Field (1.78- 3.59 %),and TEW > HH > M > TOW in a loamy sand textured farmer?s field in Engiz (1.09 -2.30 %). TEW was most effective on total N and NO3-N contents. In both experimentalfields, exchangeable Mg and Na content increased with manure application. The largestincrements in exchangeable Ca and K were found with HH treatment in Engiz; and withTOW and manure treatments respectively in the Campus experimental field. The mosteffective treatment for increment in respiration rate (CO2 ratio) of the soils relative tothe control was HH, and the least effective was the manure treatment in the both fields.Soil reaction (pH) through the soil profile decreased with TEW treatment andincreased with the other treatments in the both fields. EC values along the soil profileincreased with all of the treatments. The largest increment in EC values was obtainedwith TOW application at OMU Campus, and TEW application in Engiz. NO3-N valuesin soil profile relative to control, except HH treatment, increased with the othertreatments at OMU Campus. Organic waste treatments in Engiz increased the NO3-Nvalues in soil profile within the first 40 cm depth and then decreased relative to thecontrol. The largest increase in NO3-N content of lettuce, grown as a test plant, wasobtained with TEW at OMU Campus and TOW in Engiz. Relative to the control,organic waste in both fields increased the NO3-N content of green beans, grown as a testplant in the second year.Decreases in bulk densities of the soils relative to the control were determined asfollows; TEW = HH > TOW > M at OMU Campus field (1.12-0.92 g cm-3), and HH >TEW > M > TOW in Engiz field (1.50-1.14 g cm-3). Aggregate stability of the OMUCampus soil was the lowest with M application (57.07 %) according to the control, andit was obtained to be highest with TOW application (61.97 %). The least effectivetreatment on AS in the Engiz field according to the control was M (24.35 %), and themost effective one was HH (46.16 %). Field capacity increased from 37.23 % in thecontrol to 41.35 % in HH application at OMU Campus, and from 10.88 % in the controlto 13.54 % in TEW application in Engiz. To increase permanent wilting point (PWP)and infiltration, TEW was the most effective and M was the least effective among theother organic wastes applications at OMU Campus. The largest increases in PWP andinfiltration values at Engiz were obtained with HH treatment. The least effectivetreatments on PWP and infiltration values in Engiz were TOW and M treatments,respectively. Increments in relative saturation values decreased the infiltration in bothfields.The effectiveness of organic wastes on OC and EC values were determined usingpower functions. Their effectiveness on AS was also determined by pedotransferfunctions. When assessing organic wastes with respect to soil quality, the longest timeto decrease OC content to 2 % after application of organic wastes was obtained with thethird application doses of TEW in both the OMU Campus (43.64 months) and Engiz(17.33 months) fields. The least effective treatments with respect to decreasing OCcontent to 2 % were the first application doses of TOW in Campus (17.19 months) andthe first doses of M in Engiz (6.26 months).Effectiveness time of organic wastes on soil properties was shorter in loamy sandsoil than clay soil. However, organic wastes were more effective on soil properties inloamy sand soil than clay soil. It is suggested that HH and TOW can be used to improvesoil physical properties in coarse textured soil, and TEW can be used to improveorganic matter and EC values in fine textured soils.Key words: Manure, hazelnut husk, tobacco, tea waste, soil quality indexes.
Description
Tez (doktora) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2005
Libra Kayıt No: 17126
Libra Kayıt No: 17126
Citation
WoS Q
Scopus Q
Source
Volume
Issue
Start Page
End Page
160
