Publication: Üriner Sistem Enfeksiyonu Olan Çocuk Hastaların Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, hastanemiz Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Pediatrik Nefroloji Polikliniğine üriner sistem enfeksiyonu (ÜSE) nedeniyle başvuran hastaların, demografik ve klinik özelliklerini, ÜSE'na zemin hazırlayan ürolojik anomalilerin tip ve sıklığını, enfeksiyon etkenlerinin tip ve antibiyotik dirençlerini ve uzun dönem etkiler açısından renal parankimal skar oluşma sıklığını belirlemektir.Yöntem: 1 Ocak 2003 ? 31 Aralık 2007 tarihleri arasında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Pediatrik Nefroloji Polikliniğine ÜSE nedeni ile başvuran ve ileri tetkik edilen hastaların retrospektif olarak incelenmesi planlanmıştır.Bulgular: Toplam 634 olgunun epidemiyolojik ve klinik verileri, uygulanan üriner sistem görüntüleme sonuçları, idrar kültürü ve antibiyogram sonuçları gözden geçirildi.Olguların, %65,1'i kız, %34,9'u erkekti. Ortalama yaş; 62 ± 51 ay, Ortanca yaş 60 aydı (5 gün-204 ay). Olgular 0?12 ay, 13?60 ay, ve 60 ay üzeri olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrıldı. 12 ay altında erkeklerde ÜSE daha sıkken, 13-60 ay ve 60 ay üstünde kızlarda daha sıktı (p<0.0001). Olguların %69,1'i alt, %30,9'u üst ÜSE geçirmişti. Üst ÜSE sıklığı 0-12 ay yaş grubunda diğer yaş gruplarına göre yüksek bulundu (p<0.005). Olgular en sık ateş yakınmasıyla başvurmuşlardı. Yaşı küçük olgularda ÜSE için özgün olmayan yakınmalar ön plandayken, yaş büyüdükçe ÜSE için daha özgün yakınmalar ön plana çıkmaktaydı.Olgulardan gönderilen idrar kültürlerinde en çok E. coli ESBL (-) ve (+) (%65,8), Klebsiela pnömonia ESBL (-) (%8,45), Enterococus faecalis (%6,17), Proteus mirabilis (%3,89) üremesi görüldü.İdrar kültürlerinde üreyen mikroorganizmaların türlerini dikkate almadan antibiyogram sonuçlarına bakıldığında en fazla; ampisilin (%77,7), ampisilin sulbaktam (%51,8) ve trimetoprim sulfametoksazol'e (%50,5) karşı direnç geliştirdiği görülürken, en sık üreyen E. coli ESBL (-) in en fazla direnci; ampisilin (%69,1), ampisilin sulbaktam (%46) ve trimetoprim sulfametoksazol'e (%54,2) karşı göstermekte olduğu görüldü.Ultrasonografik (USG) incelemede 634 olgu (1258 böbrek) değerlendirildi, %19,6'sında değişik derecelerde pelvikalisiyel dilatasyon saptandı. Olguların %33,6'sında vezikoüreteral reflü (VUR), %8,2'sinde nörojen mesane, %5,2'sinda taş, %4,9'unda mesane divertikülü, %2,4'ünde Uretero pelvik darlık, %1,7'sinde multikistik displastik böbrek en sık saptanan ürolojik anormalliklerdi. Olguların 416'sına voidingsistoüreterografi (VCUG) çekilmişti, bunların 140'ında (%33,7) değişik derecelerde VUR saptandı. VUR sıklığı açısından cinsiyetler ve yaş grupları arasında fark saptanmadı (p>0.05). VUR'sü olan olgular grade I ? II ? III (düşük dereceli VUR) ve grade IV ? V (yüksek dereceli VUR) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Erkeklerde yüksek dereceli VUR, kızlardan daha sıktı (p<0.05). Olguların 435'ine DMSA çekildi. Bunların 156'sında (%35,9) skar saptandı. Skar saptanan olguların 91'inde (%58,5) VUR gösterildi, VUR'sü olan olgularda skar gelişme riski, VUR'sü olmayanlara göre 6,7 kat yüksek bulundu (p<0.0001). Yüksek dereceli VUR olanlarda, düşük dereceli VUR olanlara göre skar dokusu daha fazla idi (p<0.001). USG'de pelvikalisiyel dilatasyon saptanmayan 285 olgunun %28,1'inde, pelvikalisiyel dilatasyon saptanan 131 olgunun %45'8'inde VUR saptandı.Mesane fonksiyon bozukluğu bulguları olan 143 olguya ürodinami çekildi, bunların %36,4'ünde nörojen mesane, %35'inde normal ürodinami bulguları, %19,5'inde aşırı aktif mesane, %9,1'inde düşük hacimli mesane saptandı. Ürodinami yapılan 143 olgunun %46,8'inde VUR gösterilirken, %53,2'sinde VUR saptanmadı. Bu olgulardan VUR saptananların %74,6'sında, VUR saptanmayanların ise %56,6'sında ürodinamik incelemede mesane fonksiyon bozukluğu gösterildi.Glomerül filtrasyon hızında düşüklük saptanan 31 (%4,9) olgu renal anomali yönünden değerlendirildiğinde; etyolojide en sık VUR'nün ve nörojen mesane'nin olduğu saptandı.Sonuç: Çalışmamızda literatürle uyumlu olarak 1 yaş üstü kız çocuklarında ÜSE erkeklere göre daha sık saptandı. En sık etkenin E. coli olduğu gösterildi. ÜSE etkenlerinin antibiyotik duyarlılığında ampisilin ve trimetoprim sulfametoksazol'e karşı yüksek oranda direnç saptandı. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları reflü nefropatisinin bölgemizde kronik böbrek hastalığı gelişiminde halen önemli bir sorun olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle tekrarlayan ÜSE olan çocuklar mutlaka VUR, mesane fonksiyon bozukluğu ve diğer ürolojik anomaliler yönünden erken dönemde araştırılmalı, ateşli ÜSE olan çocuklar erken ve etkin bir şekilde tedavi edilmelidir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocukluk çağı, ÜSE, VUR, Skar, Kronik böbrek hastalığı.
Aim: The aim of this study is to identify the types and incidence of urological anomalies serving as the causative factors for urinary tract infection, the types and antibiotic resistance of causative bacteria, the incidence of renal parenchymal scarring in terms of long-term effects and the demographic and the clinical characteristics of the patients having urinary tract infection in our pediatric nephrology clinic, Department of Child Health and Diseases.Method: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the patients referred to pediatric nephrology clinic, Department of Child Health and Diseases at Ondokuz Mayıs University, for urinary tract infection between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007.Findings: Epidemiological and clinical findings, urinary system imaging results, urine culture and antibiogramma results of 634 patients were analyzed.%65,1 of the cases were girls and %34,9 boys. The mean age was 62 ± 51 months; the median age was 60 months (ranging from 5 days to 204 months). Cases were classified into three groups as 0-12 months, 13-60 months and >60 months. Boys under 12 months, girls aged 13-60 months and >60 months were more likely to experience urinary tract infection (p<0.0001). In %69,1 of the cases, patients had lower urinary tract infection and in %30,9 of the cases, patients had upper urinary tract infection. The incidence of urinary tract infection in 0-12 group was higher than that of the other groups (p<0.005). Most of the patients had referred to our clinic because of high fever. While in young cases, nonspecific complaints predominated, as the age increases more specific complaints for urinary tract infection were seen.Escherichia coli, klebsiela pneumonia, enterococus faecalis, and proteus mirabilis were isolated in urine cultures collected from the patients by %65,8, %8,45, %6,17 and %3,89 respectively.When antibiogramma results were analyzed without considering the types of the pathogens in urine cultures, these pathogens were found resistant to ampicilin, ampicilin sulbactam and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole by %77,7, %51,8 %50,5 respectively. The most common pathogen ESBL (-) Escherichia coli, was most resistant to ampicilin (%69,1), ampicilin sulbactam (%46) and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (%54,2).Six hundred thirty four cases (1258 kidney) were evaluated in ultrasonographical examination. In %19,6 of the cases pelvic dilatation were detected in varying degrees. Vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder, urolithiasis, bladder diverticula, ureteropelvic obstruction, multicystic dysplastic kidney urological anomalies were observed in %33,6, %8,2, %5,2, %4,9, %2,4, %1,7 of the cases respectively. Voiding cystourethrogram was performed in 416 of the cases. Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 140 (%33,7) of these cases in varying degrees. Gender and age group was not significant in terms of the frequency of vesicoureteral reflux (p>0,05). Cases of vesicoureteral reflux were classified into two groups as grade I-II-III (low-degree vesicoureteral reflux) and grade IV-V (high-degree vesicoureteral reflux). The incidence of high-degree vesicoureteral reflux was more frequent in boys than in girls (p<0,05). DMSA was performed in 435 patients. Scars were observed in 156 (%35,9) of the cases. Vesicoureteral reflux was observed in 91 (%58,5) scar-detected cases. When compared, the rate of scar development in patients having vesicoureteral reflux was found 6,7 times higher than the non-VUR patients (p<0,001). Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in %28,1 of 285 cases without pelvicalyceal dilatation. Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in %45,8 of 131 cases with pelvicalyceal dilatation.Urodynamic evaluation was performed in 143 cases with a history of bladder dysfunction. Neurogenic bladder, normal urodynamic findings, overactive bladder, low capacity bladder were observed in %36,4, %35, %19,5, and %9,1 of the cases respectively. Vesicoureteral reflux was seen in %46,8 of 143 cases in which urodinamy was performed. In %53,2 of the cases, vesicoureteral reflux was not detected. In urodynamic evaluation, bladder dysfunction was observed in %74,6 of cases with vesicoureteral reflux and %56,6 of non-VUR cases.When 31 (%4,9) of the cases with low glomerular filtration rate were evaluated in terms of renal anomaly, it was detected that vesicoureteral reflux and neurogenic bladder were the most common etiologic subgroups.Conclusion: Consistent with the literature, our study revealed that urinary tract infection was more frequent in girls who are older than 1 year when compared with the boys. Escherichia coli was the most common causative agent. High rates of resistance to ampicilin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole was detected fort the common urinary pathogens. The results of this study have revealed that reflux nephropathy has been major problem fort the development of chronic kidney disease in our region. Therefore, children with recurrent urinary tract infection should be examined in early stage in terms of vesicoureteral reflux, bladder dysfunction and other urologic anomalies. Children with urinary tract infection with fever should be treated promptly and efficiently.Keywords: Childhood, urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, scar, chronic kidney disease.
Aim: The aim of this study is to identify the types and incidence of urological anomalies serving as the causative factors for urinary tract infection, the types and antibiotic resistance of causative bacteria, the incidence of renal parenchymal scarring in terms of long-term effects and the demographic and the clinical characteristics of the patients having urinary tract infection in our pediatric nephrology clinic, Department of Child Health and Diseases.Method: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the patients referred to pediatric nephrology clinic, Department of Child Health and Diseases at Ondokuz Mayıs University, for urinary tract infection between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007.Findings: Epidemiological and clinical findings, urinary system imaging results, urine culture and antibiogramma results of 634 patients were analyzed.%65,1 of the cases were girls and %34,9 boys. The mean age was 62 ± 51 months; the median age was 60 months (ranging from 5 days to 204 months). Cases were classified into three groups as 0-12 months, 13-60 months and >60 months. Boys under 12 months, girls aged 13-60 months and >60 months were more likely to experience urinary tract infection (p<0.0001). In %69,1 of the cases, patients had lower urinary tract infection and in %30,9 of the cases, patients had upper urinary tract infection. The incidence of urinary tract infection in 0-12 group was higher than that of the other groups (p<0.005). Most of the patients had referred to our clinic because of high fever. While in young cases, nonspecific complaints predominated, as the age increases more specific complaints for urinary tract infection were seen.Escherichia coli, klebsiela pneumonia, enterococus faecalis, and proteus mirabilis were isolated in urine cultures collected from the patients by %65,8, %8,45, %6,17 and %3,89 respectively.When antibiogramma results were analyzed without considering the types of the pathogens in urine cultures, these pathogens were found resistant to ampicilin, ampicilin sulbactam and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole by %77,7, %51,8 %50,5 respectively. The most common pathogen ESBL (-) Escherichia coli, was most resistant to ampicilin (%69,1), ampicilin sulbactam (%46) and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (%54,2).Six hundred thirty four cases (1258 kidney) were evaluated in ultrasonographical examination. In %19,6 of the cases pelvic dilatation were detected in varying degrees. Vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder, urolithiasis, bladder diverticula, ureteropelvic obstruction, multicystic dysplastic kidney urological anomalies were observed in %33,6, %8,2, %5,2, %4,9, %2,4, %1,7 of the cases respectively. Voiding cystourethrogram was performed in 416 of the cases. Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in 140 (%33,7) of these cases in varying degrees. Gender and age group was not significant in terms of the frequency of vesicoureteral reflux (p>0,05). Cases of vesicoureteral reflux were classified into two groups as grade I-II-III (low-degree vesicoureteral reflux) and grade IV-V (high-degree vesicoureteral reflux). The incidence of high-degree vesicoureteral reflux was more frequent in boys than in girls (p<0,05). DMSA was performed in 435 patients. Scars were observed in 156 (%35,9) of the cases. Vesicoureteral reflux was observed in 91 (%58,5) scar-detected cases. When compared, the rate of scar development in patients having vesicoureteral reflux was found 6,7 times higher than the non-VUR patients (p<0,001). Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in %28,1 of 285 cases without pelvicalyceal dilatation. Vesicoureteral reflux was detected in %45,8 of 131 cases with pelvicalyceal dilatation.Urodynamic evaluation was performed in 143 cases with a history of bladder dysfunction. Neurogenic bladder, normal urodynamic findings, overactive bladder, low capacity bladder were observed in %36,4, %35, %19,5, and %9,1 of the cases respectively. Vesicoureteral reflux was seen in %46,8 of 143 cases in which urodinamy was performed. In %53,2 of the cases, vesicoureteral reflux was not detected. In urodynamic evaluation, bladder dysfunction was observed in %74,6 of cases with vesicoureteral reflux and %56,6 of non-VUR cases.When 31 (%4,9) of the cases with low glomerular filtration rate were evaluated in terms of renal anomaly, it was detected that vesicoureteral reflux and neurogenic bladder were the most common etiologic subgroups.Conclusion: Consistent with the literature, our study revealed that urinary tract infection was more frequent in girls who are older than 1 year when compared with the boys. Escherichia coli was the most common causative agent. High rates of resistance to ampicilin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole was detected fort the common urinary pathogens. The results of this study have revealed that reflux nephropathy has been major problem fort the development of chronic kidney disease in our region. Therefore, children with recurrent urinary tract infection should be examined in early stage in terms of vesicoureteral reflux, bladder dysfunction and other urologic anomalies. Children with urinary tract infection with fever should be treated promptly and efficiently.Keywords: Childhood, urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, scar, chronic kidney disease.
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Keywords
Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları, Böbrek Hastalıkları, Böbrek Yetmezliği-kronik, Retrospektif Çalışmalar, Ultrasonografi, Vezikoüreteral Reflü, Çocuklar, Üriner Sistem, Üriner Sistem Enfeksiyonları, Child Health and Diseases, Kidney Diseases, Kidney Failure-Chronic, Retrospective Studies, Ultrasonography, Vesico Ureteral Reflux, Children, Urinary Tract, Urinary Tract Infections
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