Publication: Diyabetik Maküla Ödeminin Bevacizumab İle Tedavisinde Sistemik ve Oküler Prediktif Faktörler
Abstract
Amaç: Daha önce tedavi almamış diyabetik maküla ödeminde (DMÖ) intravitreal bevacizumab (İVB) tedavisinin sonuçları ile anatomik ve görsel (fonksiyonel) cevabı etkileyen sistemik ve oküler biyobelirteçleri tespit etmek. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Retina Kliniğinde Mayıs 2021 - Eylül 2022 tarihleri arasında DMÖ tanısı ile İVB tedavisi alan hastaların kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Nonproliferatif diyabetik retinopati (NPDR) ve naif diyabetik maküler ödemi olan (DMÖ), ardışık aylık 3 doz İVB ile tedavi edilen hastalar çalışmaya alındı. Hastaların demografik özellikleri; tedavi öncesi periferik kan (tam kan ve biyokimya) parametreleri, tedavi öncesi ve sonrası görme keskinlikleri (EDGK), göz içi basınçları (GİB), maküla spektral domain optik koherens tomografi (SD-OKT) bulguları kaydedildi. SD-OKT'de santral maküla kalınlığı (SMK), gangliyon hücre tabaka kalınlığı (GHK), iç ve dış retina tabakalarının kalınlığı (İRK ve DRK), santral koroid kalınlığı (SKK) kaydedildi. Ardışık aylık 3 doz İVB tedavisi ile elde edilen SMK azalması ve EDGK artşına göre hastaların görsel ve anatomik cevapları incelendi. Kaydedilen sistemik ve oküler parametrelerin anatomik ve görsel cevaba olan etkileri araştırıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 48 hastanın 48 gözü dahil edildi. Olguların yaş ortalaması 64,02±8,48 yıl, %45,8'i (22 kişi) kadın, %54,2'si (26 kişi) erkekti. Ortalama DM süresi 15,73±7,86 yıl, BKİ 29,38±4,66 kg/m2, HbA1c 9,1±2,1 mmol/mol bulundu. Tedavi öncesine göre tedavi sonrasında EDGK (0,44 ve 0,18 logMAR, p <0,001) ve GİB (15 ve 17,5 mmHg, p =0,040) anlamlı olarak artmış; SMK (427 ve 312 µm, p <0,001), GHK (31,5 ve 25 µm, p <0,001) ve İRK (338,5 ve 229,5 µm, p <0,001) anlamlı olarak azalmıştı. Kırk (%83,3) olguda anatomik cevap alındı. Onsekiz (%45) olguda kuru maküla elde edildi. Anatomik açıdan başarılı grupta, tedavi öncesine göre sonrasında EDGK (0,48 ve 0,18 logMAR, p ˂0,001) ve GİB (15 ve 17,5 mmHg, p =0,008) anlamlı olarak artmış; SMK (435,5±98,9 ve 314,5±62,8 µm, p <0,001), GHK (33,3±11,8 ve 25,1±8,7 µm, p <0,001), İRK (351,4±99,1 ve 227,9±63,1 µm, p <0,001) ve SKK (272,9±81,6 ve 264,1±83,7 µm, p <0,001) anlamlı olarak azalmıştı. Anatomik cevaplı olgularda WBC (8,27 ve 6,69 µL/103, p =0,049) cevap vermeyenlerden yüksek bulundu. Otuzaltı (%75) olguda görsel cevap alındı. Görsel açıdan başarılı grupta, tedavi öncesine göre sonrasında EDGK (0,48 ve 0,15 logMAR, p <0,001) ve GİB (14,5 ve 17,5 mmHg, p <0,001) anlamlı olarak artmış; SMK 425,5 ve 420,5 µm, p <0,001), İRK (329 ve 223,5 µm, p <0,001) ve GHK (30,5 ve 24,5 µm, p <0,001) anlamlı olarak azalmıştı. Görsel cevaplı olgularda BUN (33,9±12,08 ve 22,6±8,7 mg/dL, p =0,005) cevap vermeyenlerden yüksek, LDL (106,3±37,6 ve 153,83±61,05 mg/dL, p =0,002) düşük bulundu. Binary logistik regresyon analizinde anatomik başarıya etki eden risk faktörü bulunmazken; kuru maküla elde edilmesi için hemoglobin (OR =0,621 [0,40- 0,951]; p =0,029) ve hemotokrit (OR =0,860 [0,741-0,99]; p =0,049) seviyesinin artmasının pozitif prognostik faktör olduğu; fonksiyonel başarı için BUN düşüklüğü, LDL ve tedavi öncesi GİB yüksekliğinin negatif prognostik faktör olduğu tespit edildi. Sonuç: İntravitreal bevacizumab ile DMÖ tedavisinde anlamlı anatomik ve görsel başarı elde edilmektedir. Hemoglobin ve hematokrit seviyelerinin yüksek tutulması tedavi başarısını olumlu etkilerken, BUN düşüklüğü, LDL ve tedavi öncesi GİB yüksekliği olumsuz etkilemektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bevacizumab, biyobelirteç, diyabetik maküla ödemi, prognostik faktör, optik koherens tomografi.
Aim: To determine the results of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) treatment in treatment-naive diabetic macular edema (DME) and the systemic and ocular biomarkers that affect the anatomical and visual (functional) response. Materials and Methods: The records of patients who received IVB treatment with a diagnosis of DME at the Retina Clinic of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between May 2021 and September 2022 were retrospectively examined. Patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and naive diabetic macular edema (DME), treated with 3 consecutive monthly doses of IVB, were included in the study. Demographic characteristics of the patients; peripheral blood before treatment (whole blood and biochemistry) parameters, visual acuity (BCVA) before and after treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) and macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings were recorded. In SD-OCT, central macular thickness (CMT), ganglion cell layer thickness (GCT), thickness of the inner and outer retina layers (IRL and DRL), and central choroidal thickness (CCT) were recorded. Visual and anatomical responses of the patients were examined according to the CMT decrease and BCVA increase achieved with 3 consecutive monthly doses of IVB treatment. The effects of recorded systemic and ocular parameters on anatomical and visual response were investigated. Results: 48 eyes of 48 patients were included in the study. The average age of the cases was 64.02±8.48 years, 45.8% (22 people) were women and 54.2% (26 people) were men. The average duration of DM was 15.73±7.86 years, BMI was 29.38±4.66 kg/m2, and HbA1c was 9.1±2.1 mmol/mol. Compared to before treatment, BCVA (0.44 and 0.18 logMAR, p <0.001) and IOP (15 and 17.5 mmHg, p =0.040) increased significantly after treatment; SMK (427 and 312 µm, p <0.001), GHK (31.5 and 25 µm, p <0.001) and IRC (338.5 and 229.5 µm, p <0.001) were significantly reduced. Anatomical response was obtained in forty (83.3%) cases. Dry macula was obtained in eighteen (45%) cases. In the anatomically successful group, BCVA (0.48 and 0.18 logMAR, p ˂0.001) and IOP (15 and 17.5 mmHg, p =0.008) increased significantly after treatment compared to before; SMK (435.5±98.9 and 314.5±62.8 µm, p <0.001), GHK (33.3±11.8 and 25.1±8.7 µm, p <0.001), IRC ( 351.4±99.1 and 227.9±63.1 µm, p <0.001) and CCT (272.9±81.6 and 264.1±83.7 µm, p <0.001) were significantly reduced. WBC (8.27 and 6.69 µL/103, p = 0.049) was found to be higher in cases with anatomical response than in non-responders. Visual response was obtained in thirty-six (75%) cases. In the visually successful group, BCVA (0.48 and 0.15 logMAR, p <0.001) and IOP (14.5 and 17.5 mmHg, p <0.001) increased significantly after treatment compared to before; SMK 425.5 and 420.5 µm, p <0.001), IRC (329 and 223.5 µm, p <0.001) and GCC (30.5 and 24.5 µm, p <0.001) were significantly reduced. In visually responsive cases, BUN (33.9±12.08 and 22.6±8.7 mg/dL, p =0.005) was higher than in non-responders, and LDL (106.3±37.6 and 153.83±61.05 mg) /dL, p =0.002) was found to be low. While there was no risk factor affecting anatomical success in binary logistic regression analysis; Increased hemoglobin (OR =0.621 [0.40-0.951]; p =0.029) and hematocrit (OR =0.860 [0.741-0.99]; p =0.049) levels were positive prognostic factors for obtaining dry macula; It was determined that low BUN, LDL and high pre-treatment IOP were negative prognostic factors for functional success. Conclusion: Significant anatomical and visual success is achieved in the treatment of DME with intravitreal bevacizumab. While keeping hemoglobin and hematocrit levels high positively affects the success of treatment, low BUN, high LDL and pre-treatment IOP have negative effects. Key words: Bevacizumab, biomarker, diabetic macular edema, prognostic factor, optical coherence tomography.
Aim: To determine the results of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) treatment in treatment-naive diabetic macular edema (DME) and the systemic and ocular biomarkers that affect the anatomical and visual (functional) response. Materials and Methods: The records of patients who received IVB treatment with a diagnosis of DME at the Retina Clinic of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between May 2021 and September 2022 were retrospectively examined. Patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and naive diabetic macular edema (DME), treated with 3 consecutive monthly doses of IVB, were included in the study. Demographic characteristics of the patients; peripheral blood before treatment (whole blood and biochemistry) parameters, visual acuity (BCVA) before and after treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) and macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings were recorded. In SD-OCT, central macular thickness (CMT), ganglion cell layer thickness (GCT), thickness of the inner and outer retina layers (IRL and DRL), and central choroidal thickness (CCT) were recorded. Visual and anatomical responses of the patients were examined according to the CMT decrease and BCVA increase achieved with 3 consecutive monthly doses of IVB treatment. The effects of recorded systemic and ocular parameters on anatomical and visual response were investigated. Results: 48 eyes of 48 patients were included in the study. The average age of the cases was 64.02±8.48 years, 45.8% (22 people) were women and 54.2% (26 people) were men. The average duration of DM was 15.73±7.86 years, BMI was 29.38±4.66 kg/m2, and HbA1c was 9.1±2.1 mmol/mol. Compared to before treatment, BCVA (0.44 and 0.18 logMAR, p <0.001) and IOP (15 and 17.5 mmHg, p =0.040) increased significantly after treatment; SMK (427 and 312 µm, p <0.001), GHK (31.5 and 25 µm, p <0.001) and IRC (338.5 and 229.5 µm, p <0.001) were significantly reduced. Anatomical response was obtained in forty (83.3%) cases. Dry macula was obtained in eighteen (45%) cases. In the anatomically successful group, BCVA (0.48 and 0.18 logMAR, p ˂0.001) and IOP (15 and 17.5 mmHg, p =0.008) increased significantly after treatment compared to before; SMK (435.5±98.9 and 314.5±62.8 µm, p <0.001), GHK (33.3±11.8 and 25.1±8.7 µm, p <0.001), IRC ( 351.4±99.1 and 227.9±63.1 µm, p <0.001) and CCT (272.9±81.6 and 264.1±83.7 µm, p <0.001) were significantly reduced. WBC (8.27 and 6.69 µL/103, p = 0.049) was found to be higher in cases with anatomical response than in non-responders. Visual response was obtained in thirty-six (75%) cases. In the visually successful group, BCVA (0.48 and 0.15 logMAR, p <0.001) and IOP (14.5 and 17.5 mmHg, p <0.001) increased significantly after treatment compared to before; SMK 425.5 and 420.5 µm, p <0.001), IRC (329 and 223.5 µm, p <0.001) and GCC (30.5 and 24.5 µm, p <0.001) were significantly reduced. In visually responsive cases, BUN (33.9±12.08 and 22.6±8.7 mg/dL, p =0.005) was higher than in non-responders, and LDL (106.3±37.6 and 153.83±61.05 mg) /dL, p =0.002) was found to be low. While there was no risk factor affecting anatomical success in binary logistic regression analysis; Increased hemoglobin (OR =0.621 [0.40-0.951]; p =0.029) and hematocrit (OR =0.860 [0.741-0.99]; p =0.049) levels were positive prognostic factors for obtaining dry macula; It was determined that low BUN, LDL and high pre-treatment IOP were negative prognostic factors for functional success. Conclusion: Significant anatomical and visual success is achieved in the treatment of DME with intravitreal bevacizumab. While keeping hemoglobin and hematocrit levels high positively affects the success of treatment, low BUN, high LDL and pre-treatment IOP have negative effects. Key words: Bevacizumab, biomarker, diabetic macular edema, prognostic factor, optical coherence tomography.
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