Publication: Aydınlanmacı Fikir Akımları Karşısında İslam Kelamcılarının Tutumu
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Kelâm ilmi, tarih içerisinde değişik merhalelerden geçmiştir. İslam topraklarının fetihler sonucu sınırlarını genişletmesi Müslümanlar'ın farklı medeniyetlerle karşılaşmalarına neden olmuştur. Ortaya çıkış gerekçesi siyasî meselelerden kaynaklanan bu ilmin konularına, değişik kültürlerle karşılaşılmasının bir sonucu olarak yeni bahisler eklenmiştir. Özellikle Yunan felsefesindeki birtakım metafizik bahisler kelam ilmine dâhil edilmiştir. Kelâmî tartışmaların yapıldığı bu ilk döneme, kelam ilminin kurucusu Mu'tezile öncülük etmiştir. Bu dönemde kelâm ilmi litetratürüne, Yunan felsefesine ait olan 'atom', 'cevher', 'araz' gibi bazı kavramlar dâhil edilmiştir. Mütekaddimûn dönemi, kelâm ilmi açısından, farklı fikirlerin üretildiği, farklı konuların mevzû edilerek tartışıldığı münbit bir dönem olmuştur. İlk fikri hareketler ve mütekaddimûn döneminden sonra müteahhirûn dönemi başlamış, bu dönemde mütekellimûn tarafından felsefe ile kelâm cem edilmiştir. Bu dönemde kelâm ilmi, şerh ve hâşiyelerle varlığını devam ettirmiştir. 19. yüzyıl sonlarına yaklaşırken tüm İslamî ilimlerde yaşanan değişimler gibi kelâm sahasında da revizyona gidilme ihtiyacı hissedilmiştir. Bu ihtiyacın hissedilmesindeki en temel sebep, Batı dünyasında yaşanan gelişmelerdir. Batı dünyası, 17. yüzyılda Rönesans ve Reform hareketlerinin bir sonucu olarak 18. yüzyılda Aydınlanma dönemini tecrübe etmiştir. Bu dönemin ardından Batı, toplumsal, politika, ekonomi ve bilim gibi birçok alanda gelişme göstererek; dünya üzerinde hâkim güç konumuna gelmiştir. 19. yüzyılda Aydınlanma düşüncesinin ekollerinden olan Darwinizm, Materyalizm, Pozitivizm akımları ortaya çıkmıştır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren günümüze kadar olan süreçte kelâmcılar, Aydınlanma döneminin bu ana akımlarına cevap vererek veya antitez üreterek kelâm ilminde birtakım yenilikler ve ıslahatlar yapma yoluna gitmişlerdir.
Discipline of Kalam had been through various stages throughout history. The expansion of the lands ruled by Islam led Muslims to meet with other civilizations. New discussion topics that are the results of meeting with different cultures has been added to the already existing problems of this discipline which originate from political issues. Especially some metaphysical subjects of Greek philosophy have been included to the discipline. This period which witnessed the first theological discussions was led by the founder of the discipline of Kalam, Mu'tazila. During this period, terms that belonged to Greek philosophy such as 'atom' 'jawhar' and 'araz' had been included to the kalam terminology. The period of Mutaqaddimûn was a productive one in which different ideas were introduced for the first time and different topics were subjected to discussions. First ideological movements took place during Mutaakhirûn period after the Mutaqaddimûn era and in this era philosophy and kalam was merged by mutakallimûn. In this period, the discipline of Kalam continued its activities with book of commentaries and footnotes to existing works. As we approached to the end of 19th century, Kalam just like all the other Islamic sciences required some changes. The fundamental reason for this requirement was the developments in western world. West had experienced the enlightenment era in 18th century as an active result of Reform Movement and Renaissance. After that, the western world became the ruling power on earth with all the improvements in politics, science and economy. During 19th century, different movements belonged to enlightenment era such as Darwinism, Materialism and Positivism emerged. Starting with the end of 19th century till today, kalam scholars have chosen to bring in some innovations and reformation to Kalam by producing answers to these movements and coming up with antitheses.
Discipline of Kalam had been through various stages throughout history. The expansion of the lands ruled by Islam led Muslims to meet with other civilizations. New discussion topics that are the results of meeting with different cultures has been added to the already existing problems of this discipline which originate from political issues. Especially some metaphysical subjects of Greek philosophy have been included to the discipline. This period which witnessed the first theological discussions was led by the founder of the discipline of Kalam, Mu'tazila. During this period, terms that belonged to Greek philosophy such as 'atom' 'jawhar' and 'araz' had been included to the kalam terminology. The period of Mutaqaddimûn was a productive one in which different ideas were introduced for the first time and different topics were subjected to discussions. First ideological movements took place during Mutaakhirûn period after the Mutaqaddimûn era and in this era philosophy and kalam was merged by mutakallimûn. In this period, the discipline of Kalam continued its activities with book of commentaries and footnotes to existing works. As we approached to the end of 19th century, Kalam just like all the other Islamic sciences required some changes. The fundamental reason for this requirement was the developments in western world. West had experienced the enlightenment era in 18th century as an active result of Reform Movement and Renaissance. After that, the western world became the ruling power on earth with all the improvements in politics, science and economy. During 19th century, different movements belonged to enlightenment era such as Darwinism, Materialism and Positivism emerged. Starting with the end of 19th century till today, kalam scholars have chosen to bring in some innovations and reformation to Kalam by producing answers to these movements and coming up with antitheses.
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Tez (yüksek lisans) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2019
Libra Kayıt No: 127759
Libra Kayıt No: 127759
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