Publication: Aflatoksin Bulaştırılmış Yemlere Aktive Edilmiş Bentonit İlavesinin Etlik Piliçlerde Performans, Karkas, İmmün Sistem, Karaciğer ve Bağırsak Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri
Abstract
Bu çalışma aflatoksin bulaştırılmış yemlere aktive edilmiş bentonit ilavesinin etlik piliçlerde performans, karkas, immun sistem, karaciğer ve bağırsak sağlığı üzerine etkilerini saptamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada günlük yaşta 216 adet Ross 308 etlik civciv ile Eskişehir-Seyitgazi yöresinde çıkarılan bentonit kullanılmıştır. Deneme grupları her birinde 6 adet hayvan bulunan 6 tekerrürlü 6 muamele grubundan [AFB1 ilavesiz+bentonit ilavesiz, AFB1 ilavesiz+%0.4 doğal bentonit, AFB1 ilavesiz+%0.4 aktif bentonit, 0.05 ppm AFB1+bentonit ilavesiz, 0.05 ppm AFB1+%0.4 doğal bentonit, 0.05 ppm AFB1+ %0.4 aktif bentonit] oluşturulmuştur. Yem ve suyun ad-libitum verildiği çalışma 42 gün sürdürülmüş, grupların canlı ağırlık (CA), canlı ağırlık artışı (CAA) ve yem tüketimleri (YT) haftalık olarak kaydedilmiştir. Toplam YT, CAA'na bölünerek yemden yararlanma oranları (YYO) hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonunda her muamele grubundan 10 adet hayvan olmak üzere 60 adet hayvandan biyokimya, immun sistem ve antioksidan parametrelerin analizi için kan alımı yapılmıştır. Serum biyokimya (albumin, kreatinin, toplam bilirubin, kolestrol, trigliserid, kalsiyum, GGT, ALP, AST, LDH); immun sistem (IgG, IgM); antioksidan savunma enzimleri (SOD, GPx, MDA, TAS, TOS) ve karaciğer AFB1 kalıntı düzeyi belirlenmiştir. Kesilen hayvanların et kalite özellikleri (göğüs-but-karaciğer pH, L*, a*, b*), karkas, iç organ ağırlıkları ve sindirim sistemi uzunlukları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, karaciğer patolojisi, bağırsak histomorfolojisi ve mikrobiyolojisine ilişkin parametreler için; 42 günlük yaşlardaki hayvanlardan karaciğer, bağırsak doku ve içeriği alınmıştır. Karaciğerde AFB1 birikim düzeyi, dejenerasyon ve yangı hücresi infiltrasyonu analiz edilerek; sekum içeriğinde toplam bakteri, koliform grubu bakteri, E. coli, Lactobacillus ssp. ve toplam maya sayımları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca ince bağırsak kısımlarında (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) villi boyu, cript derinliği, lamina muskularis mukoza tabakasının kalınlığı ve villi boyu/cript derinliği ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin CA, CAA, YT'ni azalttığı ve YYO'nı kötüleştirdiği (P<0.05); aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının CA, CAA, YT, YYO'yu etkilemediği (P>0.05) belirlenmiştir. AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin kalp ağırlığını azalttığı (P<0.05), karaciğer, taşlık, sindirim sistemi ağırlığını arttırdığı (P<0.05); aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının karaciğer ağırlığını azalttığı (P<0.05), diğer parametreleri etkilemediği (P>0.05) belirlenmiştir. AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin but ve karaciğer pH düzeyini azalttığı (P<0.001), göğüs pH düzeyini etkilemediği (P>0.05); aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının göğüs ve but pH düzeyini etkilemediği (P>0.05) belirlenmiştir. AFB1'in etlik piliçlerde göğüs a* düzeyini azalttığı (P<0.05), karaciğer L* ve b* düzeylerini arttırdığı (P<0.05); aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının göğüs eti, but eti ve karaciğer renk değerlerini etkilemediği (P>0.05) belirlenmiştir. AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin Ca düzeylerini azalttığı (P<0.001), kolestrol, toplam bilirubin, GGT ve trigliserit düzeylerini arttırdığı (P<0.05); doğal bentonitin Ca düzeyini arttırdığı (P<0.05), aktif ve doğal bentonitin diğer tüm parametleri etkilemediği (P>0.05) belirlenmiştir. AFB1, doğal ve aktif bentonit IgG ve IgM'yi etkilememiştir (P>0.05). AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin TOS, SOD, GPx düzeylerini artırdığı (P<0.05), TAS, MDA düzeylerini etkilemediği (P>0.05); aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının SOD düzeyini arttırdığı (P<0.05), TAS, TOS, GPx ve MDA düzeylerini etkilemediği belirlenmiştir (P>0.05). AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin karaciğer dejenerasyon düzeylerini arttırdığı (P<0.05), yangı hücresi infiltrasyonunu etkilemediği (P>0.05); aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının karaciğer dejenerasyon düzeylerini ve yangı hücresi infiltrasyonunu etkilemediği (P>0.05) belirlenmiştir. AFB1'li etlik piliç karma yemlere aktif ve doğal bentonit katılması etlik piliçlerin AFB1 karaciğer birikim düzeyini azaltmıştır (P<0.05). Aktif bentonit AFB1 karaciğer birikim düzeyini doğal bentonite nazaran azalttığı saptanmıştır (P<0.05). AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin bağırsak mikroflorasında toplam bakteri, toplam koliform, E. Coli ve toplam maya sayısını arttırdığı (P<0.001), Lactobacillus ssp. sayısını azalttığı (P<0.001); aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının toplam bakteri, Lactobacillus ssp., toplam maya sayısını arttırdığı (P<0.001), toplam koliform, E. Coli sayısını azalttığı belirlenmiştir (P<0.001). AFB1'in etlik piliçlerde duodenum villi boyu, cript derinliği, lamina muskularis mukoza tabakasının kalınlığı, villi boyu/cript derinliği oranını etkilemediği gözlenmiştir (P>0.05). Etlik piliç karma yemlerine aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının kontrol grubuna kıyasla duodenum villi boyu, villi boyu/cript derinliği oranını, lamina muskularis mukoza tabakasının kalınlığını arttırdığı (P<0.001), cript derinliği etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir (P>0.05). AFB1'in etlik piliçlerde jejunum villi boyu, villi boyu/cript derinliği oranı ve lamina muskularis mukoza tabakasının kalınlığını azalttığı (P<0.05), cript derinliğini etkilemediği saptanmıştır (P>0.05). Ayrıca etlik piliç rasyonlarına aktif ve doğal bentonit katılmasının kontrol grubuna kıyasla jejunum villi boyu ve cript derinliğini arttırdığı (P<0.05), villi boyu/cript derinliği oranı ve lamina muskularis mukoza tabakasının kalınlığını etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir (P>0.05). AFB1'in etlik piliçlerin ileum villi boyu, lamina muskularis mukoza tabakasının kalınlığı ve villi boyu/cript derinliği oranını azalttığı (P<0.05), cript derinliğini etkilemediği saptanmıştır (P>0.05). Etlik piliç karma yemlerine aktif bentonit katılmasının kontrole göre ileum villi boyu, lamina muskularis mukoza tabakasının kalınlığı ve villi boyu/cript derinliği oranını arttırdığı (P<0.05), cript derinliğini ise etkilemediği gözlenmiştir (P>0.05). Araştırma sonuçları, aktif bentonitin etlik piliçlerdeki aflatoksinin olumsuz etkilerini önlemede veya minimize edilmesinde oldukça faydalı olabileceği, toksin bağlayıcı olarak aktif bentonitin %0.4 düzeyinde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of addition of activated bentonite to aflatoxin contaminated feed on performance, carcass, immune system, liver and intestinal health of broiler chickens. In the study, 216 Ross 308 broiler chicks of daily age and bentonite extracted in Eskisehir-Seyitgazi region were used. The experimental groups consisted of 6 treatment groups with 6 replicates with 6 animals in each group [no AFB1 addition+bentonite, no AFB1 addition+0.4% natural bentonite, no AFB1 addition+0.4% active bentonite, 0.05 ppm AFB1+bentonite, 0.05 ppm AFB1+0.4% natural bentonite, 0.05 ppm AFB1+0.4% active bentonite]. Feed and water were given ad-libitum for 42 days and live weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed consumption (FC) of the groups were recorded weekly. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated by dividing the total FCR by CAA. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken from 60 animals, 10 animals from each treatment group, for analyses of biochemistry, immune system and antioxidant parameters. Serum biochemistry (albumin, creatinine, total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, GGT, ALP, AST, LDH), immune system (IgG, IgM), antioxidant defence enzymes (SOD, GPx, MDA, TAS, TOS) and liver AFB1 residue levels were determined. Meat quality characteristics (pH, L*, a*, b*, L*, a*, b*), carcass, visceral weights and digestive tract lengths of slaughtered animals were determined. In addition, for parameters related to liver pathology, intestinal histomorphology and microbiology, liver and intestinal tissues and contents were taken from animals aged 42 days. AFB1 accumulation level, degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration were analysed in the liver, and total bacteria, coliform group bacteria, E. coli, Lactobacillus ssp. and total yeast counts were made in the contents of the secum. In addition, villi length, cript depth, thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer and villi length/cript depth were measured in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum). It was determined that AFB1 decreased CA, CAA, YT and worsened LFL of broiler chickens (P<0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation did not affect CA, CAA, YT and LFL (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased heart weight (P<0.05), increased liver, gizzard and digestive system weights (P<0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation decreased liver weight (P<0.05), but did not affect other parameters (P>0.05). It was determined that AFB1 decreased thigh and liver pH levels of broiler chickens (P<0.001), but did not affect breast pH level (P>0.05); addition of active and natural bentonite did not affect breast and thigh pH levels (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased breast a* level (P<0.05), increased liver L* and b* levels (P<0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation did not affect breast meat, thigh meat and liver colour values (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased Ca level (P<0.001), increased cholesterol, total bilirubin, GGT and triglyceride levels (P<0.05); natural bentonite increased Ca level (P<0.05), active and natural bentonite did not affect all other parameters (P>0.05). AFB1, natural and active bentonite did not affect IgG and IgM (P>0.05). AFB1 increased TOS, SOD, GPx levels of broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect TAS, MDA levels (P>0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation increased SOD levels (P<0.05), but did not affect TAS, TOS, GPx and MDA levels (P>0.05). AFB1 increased liver degeneration levels of broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect inflammatory cell infiltration (P>0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation did not affect liver degeneration levels and inflammatory cell infiltration (P>0.05). Addition of active and natural bentonite to AFB1 contaminated broiler compound feed decreased AFB1 liver accumulation level of broiler chickens (P<0.05). It was found that active bentonite decreased AFB1 liver accumulation level compared to natural bentonite (P<0.05). AFB1 increased the number of total bacteria, total coliforms, E. Coli and total yeasts (P<0.001) and decreased the number of Lactobacillus ssp. in the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens (P<0.001); the addition of active and natural bentonite increased the number of total bacteria, Lactobacillus ssp. and total yeasts (P<0.001) and decreased the number of total coliforms and E. Coli (P<0.001). AFB1 did not affect duodenal villi length, cript depth, thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer, villi length/cript depth ratio in broiler chickens (P>0.05). Addition of active and natural bentonite to broiler compound feed increased duodenal villi length, villi length/cript depth ratio and thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer (P<0.001), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased jejunum villi length, villi length/cript depth ratio and thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer in broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). In addition, it was determined that the addition of active and natural bentonite to broiler diets increased jejunum villi length and cript depth (P<0.05), but did not affect villi length/cript depth ratio and lamina muscularis mucosa layer thickness (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased ileum villi length, lamina muscularis mucosa layer thickness and villi length/cript depth ratio of broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). It was observed that addition of active bentonite to broiler mixed feeds increased ileum villi length, thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer and villi length/cript depth ratio (P<0.05), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). The results of the research show that activated bentonite can be very useful in preventing or minimising the negative effects of aflatoxin in broiler chickens and that activated bentonite can be used as toxin binder at 0.4% level.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of addition of activated bentonite to aflatoxin contaminated feed on performance, carcass, immune system, liver and intestinal health of broiler chickens. In the study, 216 Ross 308 broiler chicks of daily age and bentonite extracted in Eskisehir-Seyitgazi region were used. The experimental groups consisted of 6 treatment groups with 6 replicates with 6 animals in each group [no AFB1 addition+bentonite, no AFB1 addition+0.4% natural bentonite, no AFB1 addition+0.4% active bentonite, 0.05 ppm AFB1+bentonite, 0.05 ppm AFB1+0.4% natural bentonite, 0.05 ppm AFB1+0.4% active bentonite]. Feed and water were given ad-libitum for 42 days and live weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and feed consumption (FC) of the groups were recorded weekly. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated by dividing the total FCR by CAA. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken from 60 animals, 10 animals from each treatment group, for analyses of biochemistry, immune system and antioxidant parameters. Serum biochemistry (albumin, creatinine, total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, GGT, ALP, AST, LDH), immune system (IgG, IgM), antioxidant defence enzymes (SOD, GPx, MDA, TAS, TOS) and liver AFB1 residue levels were determined. Meat quality characteristics (pH, L*, a*, b*, L*, a*, b*), carcass, visceral weights and digestive tract lengths of slaughtered animals were determined. In addition, for parameters related to liver pathology, intestinal histomorphology and microbiology, liver and intestinal tissues and contents were taken from animals aged 42 days. AFB1 accumulation level, degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration were analysed in the liver, and total bacteria, coliform group bacteria, E. coli, Lactobacillus ssp. and total yeast counts were made in the contents of the secum. In addition, villi length, cript depth, thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer and villi length/cript depth were measured in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum). It was determined that AFB1 decreased CA, CAA, YT and worsened LFL of broiler chickens (P<0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation did not affect CA, CAA, YT and LFL (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased heart weight (P<0.05), increased liver, gizzard and digestive system weights (P<0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation decreased liver weight (P<0.05), but did not affect other parameters (P>0.05). It was determined that AFB1 decreased thigh and liver pH levels of broiler chickens (P<0.001), but did not affect breast pH level (P>0.05); addition of active and natural bentonite did not affect breast and thigh pH levels (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased breast a* level (P<0.05), increased liver L* and b* levels (P<0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation did not affect breast meat, thigh meat and liver colour values (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased Ca level (P<0.001), increased cholesterol, total bilirubin, GGT and triglyceride levels (P<0.05); natural bentonite increased Ca level (P<0.05), active and natural bentonite did not affect all other parameters (P>0.05). AFB1, natural and active bentonite did not affect IgG and IgM (P>0.05). AFB1 increased TOS, SOD, GPx levels of broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect TAS, MDA levels (P>0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation increased SOD levels (P<0.05), but did not affect TAS, TOS, GPx and MDA levels (P>0.05). AFB1 increased liver degeneration levels of broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect inflammatory cell infiltration (P>0.05); active and natural bentonite supplementation did not affect liver degeneration levels and inflammatory cell infiltration (P>0.05). Addition of active and natural bentonite to AFB1 contaminated broiler compound feed decreased AFB1 liver accumulation level of broiler chickens (P<0.05). It was found that active bentonite decreased AFB1 liver accumulation level compared to natural bentonite (P<0.05). AFB1 increased the number of total bacteria, total coliforms, E. Coli and total yeasts (P<0.001) and decreased the number of Lactobacillus ssp. in the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens (P<0.001); the addition of active and natural bentonite increased the number of total bacteria, Lactobacillus ssp. and total yeasts (P<0.001) and decreased the number of total coliforms and E. Coli (P<0.001). AFB1 did not affect duodenal villi length, cript depth, thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer, villi length/cript depth ratio in broiler chickens (P>0.05). Addition of active and natural bentonite to broiler compound feed increased duodenal villi length, villi length/cript depth ratio and thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer (P<0.001), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased jejunum villi length, villi length/cript depth ratio and thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer in broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). In addition, it was determined that the addition of active and natural bentonite to broiler diets increased jejunum villi length and cript depth (P<0.05), but did not affect villi length/cript depth ratio and lamina muscularis mucosa layer thickness (P>0.05). AFB1 decreased ileum villi length, lamina muscularis mucosa layer thickness and villi length/cript depth ratio of broiler chickens (P<0.05), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). It was observed that addition of active bentonite to broiler mixed feeds increased ileum villi length, thickness of lamina muscularis mucosa layer and villi length/cript depth ratio (P<0.05), but did not affect cript depth (P>0.05). The results of the research show that activated bentonite can be very useful in preventing or minimising the negative effects of aflatoxin in broiler chickens and that activated bentonite can be used as toxin binder at 0.4% level.
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