Publication: Türkiye'de Bulunan Kanatlı İşletmelerinde Aviadenovirus'un Moleküler Epidemiyolojisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Abstract
İnklüzyon cisimcikli hepatit (IBH), hepatit hidroperikardiyum sendromu ve adenoviral kaslı mide erozyonu (AGE) Fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) kaynaklı hastalıklar olup dünya genelinde kanatlı endüstrisi için çok önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu hastalıkların ayrımı için FAdV serotipini belirlemek önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde FAdV şüphesi ile ölüm görülen 278 adet ticari kanatlı kümesinden 58 adedinde FAdV tespit edildi. Pozitif olarak tespit edilen bu kümesler Eylül 2020 – Mayıs 2021 arasında broyler ve broyler damızlık kümesler olmak üzere Balıkesir, İzmir, Manisa, Çanakkale, Afyonkarahisar, Bursa ve Elazığ illerinden örneklendi. Örnekler primer civciv embriyo böbrek hücre kültürlerinde (CEKC) veya belirli patojenlerden ari - specific pathogen free (BPA-SPF) embriyolu tavuk yumurtalarında izole edildiler. Örnekler hexon geninin tespitine yönelik PCR test metodu ve PCR test metodunu takip eden Sanger sekanslama metodu ile tiplendirildi. Sanger sekans analizi sonucuna göre 3 adet örnek FAdV-D genotipine ait olan FAdV-11 olarak tespit edilirken 55 adet örnek FAdV-E genotipine ait olan FAdV-8b olarak tiplendirildi. Hexon geninin Sanger sekanslama yöntemine göre tespit edilen iki farklı serotipi TR/FAdV/1 (FAdV-8b) ve TR/FAdV/2 (FAdV-11) olarak isimlendirildi ve tüm genomlarının ortaya konması amacı ile Illumina Miseq platformunda Yeni Nesil Dizileme (NGS) teknolojisi için seçildi. Her iki örnek de NGS sonrası tüm genom analizine göre FAdV-8b olarak tiplendirildi. TR/FAdV/1 olarak isimlendirilen örneğin tüm genom nükleotid uzunluğunun 44,061 baz çiftinden oluşarak %57.91 oranında G/C içeriğine sahip olduğu ve FAdV-E genomuna ait olan GB624-USA (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) isimli izolat ile %98.11 oranında benzerlik gösterdiği tespit edildi. TR/FAdV/2 olarak isimlendirilen örneğin ise tüm genom nükleotid uzunluğunun 43,891 baz çiftinden oluşarak %57.88 oranında G/C içeriğine sahip olduğu ve FAdV-E genomuna ait olan 11-16629 (İspanya) isimli izolat ile %99.90 oranında benzerlik gösterdiği tespit edildi. Her iki örneğin de 36 adet gene sahip olduğu ortaya kondu. IBH hastalığına neden olan FAdV genotip D ve E'nin tipik olarak karaciğerde büyüme, solgunluk ve peteşiyel kanamalara neden olduğu görüldü. Bu çalışma ile ülkemizde görülen şiddetli IBH salgınlarının yıl içerisinde elde edilen verileri açık bir şekilde ortaya konmuş oldu. Bununla birlikte şu an için FAdV enfeksiyonlarının kontrolü için ülkemizde kullanılan etkili ticari bir aşı bulunmamaktadır. Sahada yaygın olarak bulunan ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olan virusa karşı kontrol stratejisi belirlemek amacı ile yapılan tüm genom karakterizasyonunun aşı geliştirme çalışmaları için değerli bir genetik temel sağladığı düşünülmektedir.
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HS) and adenoviral gizzard erosion (GE) are all economically important diseases in the poultry industry worldwide and are all caused by Fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV). It is important to identify the serotype of the virus to differentiate these diseases. In the present study we isolated 58 FAdV strains from 278 FAdV suspected commercial chicken flocks in Turkey. These positive serotypes were found in broiler and broiler-breeder flocks in Balikesir, Izmir, Manisa, Canakkale, Afyonkarahisar, Bursa and Elazig provinces of Turkey between September 2020 and May 2021. These viruses were isolated from pooled internal organs of chickens using primary chicken embryo kidney cell cultures (CEKC) and specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. Virus isolates were identified by PCR amplification of the hexon gene followed by Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequence analysis revealed the presence of 3 FAdV-D (serotype 11) and 55 FAdV-E (serotype 8b) genotypes. According to the Sanger sequencing of hexon gene, two different serotypes TR/FAdV/1 (FAdV-8b) and TR/FAdV/2 (FAdV-11) were named and which was already selected to Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. Nucleotide sequences of the whole genome of TR/FAdV/1 (FAdV-8b) and TR/FAdV/2 (FAdV-11) were determined by using the Illumina Miseq platform. Both samples were typed as FAdV-8b based on NGS whole genome sequencing. The complete genome of TR/FAdV/1 isolate was found to be 44,061 bp long with 57.91% G/C content and shared 98.11% genome identity with the American FAdV-E genome (GB624-USA isolate). The complete genome of TR/FAdV/2 isolate was found to be 43,891 bp long with 57.88% G/C content and shared 99.90% genome identity with the Spanish FAdV-E genome (11-16629 isolate). The both genome had total of 36 genes-open reading frames (ORFs). The viruses (FAdV-D and FAdV-E genotypes) that were isolated were associated with IBH, which is typically characterized by gross lesions such as enlarged and pale yellow liver with multiple petechial hemorrhages. In this study, severe IBH outbreaks in Turkey in this year have provided the latest data on the disease. However, to date, there has been no effective commercially available vaccine in Turkey for the control of FAdVs in chickens. The characterization of newly prevalent FAdV strains provides valuable information for the development of an effective control strategy for FAdV infections in chickens. It would lay a solid foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism and vaccine development of the virus.
Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HS) and adenoviral gizzard erosion (GE) are all economically important diseases in the poultry industry worldwide and are all caused by Fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV). It is important to identify the serotype of the virus to differentiate these diseases. In the present study we isolated 58 FAdV strains from 278 FAdV suspected commercial chicken flocks in Turkey. These positive serotypes were found in broiler and broiler-breeder flocks in Balikesir, Izmir, Manisa, Canakkale, Afyonkarahisar, Bursa and Elazig provinces of Turkey between September 2020 and May 2021. These viruses were isolated from pooled internal organs of chickens using primary chicken embryo kidney cell cultures (CEKC) and specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. Virus isolates were identified by PCR amplification of the hexon gene followed by Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequence analysis revealed the presence of 3 FAdV-D (serotype 11) and 55 FAdV-E (serotype 8b) genotypes. According to the Sanger sequencing of hexon gene, two different serotypes TR/FAdV/1 (FAdV-8b) and TR/FAdV/2 (FAdV-11) were named and which was already selected to Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. Nucleotide sequences of the whole genome of TR/FAdV/1 (FAdV-8b) and TR/FAdV/2 (FAdV-11) were determined by using the Illumina Miseq platform. Both samples were typed as FAdV-8b based on NGS whole genome sequencing. The complete genome of TR/FAdV/1 isolate was found to be 44,061 bp long with 57.91% G/C content and shared 98.11% genome identity with the American FAdV-E genome (GB624-USA isolate). The complete genome of TR/FAdV/2 isolate was found to be 43,891 bp long with 57.88% G/C content and shared 99.90% genome identity with the Spanish FAdV-E genome (11-16629 isolate). The both genome had total of 36 genes-open reading frames (ORFs). The viruses (FAdV-D and FAdV-E genotypes) that were isolated were associated with IBH, which is typically characterized by gross lesions such as enlarged and pale yellow liver with multiple petechial hemorrhages. In this study, severe IBH outbreaks in Turkey in this year have provided the latest data on the disease. However, to date, there has been no effective commercially available vaccine in Turkey for the control of FAdVs in chickens. The characterization of newly prevalent FAdV strains provides valuable information for the development of an effective control strategy for FAdV infections in chickens. It would lay a solid foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism and vaccine development of the virus.
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