Publication: Ticari Balık Avcılığına Yönelik Müsilaj Kaynaklı Risklerin Belirlenmesi ve Yönetim Stratejileri Geliştirilmesi
Abstract
Marmara Denizi'nde 2021 yılında yoğun olarak gözlenen müsilaj olgusu, deniz ekosisteminin yanı sıra bölgedeki ticari balıkçılık faaliyetlerini de olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu durum, balıkçılık sektöründe risk algısının, ekonomik kayıpların ve uyum stratejilerinin bilimsel olarak incelenmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Bu sebeple çalışmada, Marmara Denizi'nde faaliyet gösteren ticari balıkçıların müsilaj kaynaklı risk algılarının belirlenmesi, ekonomik ve sosyal etkilerinin ortaya konulması ve risk yönetimine yönelik stratejilerin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma verileri, 146 balıkçı ile gerçekleştirilen anketlerden, sektör temsilcileriyle yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlardan ve odak grup toplantılarından elde edilmiştir. Balıkçıların ekonomik performansları klasik ekonomik analiz ile ortaya konulmuştur. Riske karşı tutumları referans kumarı yöntemiyle belirlenmiş, farkındalık ölçeğinin güvenilirliği Cronbach alfa testi ile test edilmiştir. Ayrıca, müsilaj riskinin meydana gelme olasılığı Bayes analizi ile hesaplanmıştır. Risklerin tanımlanması, ölçülmesi ve etkilerinin belirlenmesinde ise ticari balık avcıları, sektör paydaşları ve uzmanların görüşlerine dayalı olarak Delphi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Risk yönetim planının hazırlanmasında elde edilen diğer veriler ile sosyal ağ analizinden yararlanılarak risk yönetim planı oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma bulgularına göre ticari balık avcılığı yapan işletme yöneticileri ortalama 51 yaşında ve 26 yıllık deneyime sahiptirler. İşletmelerin filosu ortalama 17-21 yıllık en az 1 en fazla 3 tekneden oluşmaktadır. Teknelerin önemli kısmının eski ve sınırlı teknik kapasiteye sahip bulunduğu görülmektedir. Yılda ortalama 174 gün 30 farklı çeşit balık avlanmaktadır. Balıkçıların müsilajı yalnızca ekolojik bir sorun değil, aynı zamanda ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan çok boyutlu bir tehdit olarak algıladıkları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, işletmelerin düşük sermaye düzeyi ve teknik yetersizlikleri, müsilajın etkileri karşısında kırılganlıklarını artırmaktadır. Sosyal ağ analizi sonuçları, balıkçıların risklerle başa çıkmada dayanışma ve örgütlenme kapasitelerinin zayıf olduğunu, ancak iş birliği arttıkça risk yönetiminin etkinleşebileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışma sonucunda, Marmara Denizi balıkçılığında risk yönetim planlarının sosyal ağ temelli yaklaşımlarla güçlendirilmesi, balıkçı örgütlerinin kapasitesinin artırılması ve teknik modernizasyon yatırımlarının desteklenmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
The mucilage phenomenon, which was intensely observed in the Sea of Marmara in 2021, has adversely affected the marine ecosystem and the region's commercial fishing activities. This situation has necessitated a scientific examination of risk perceptions, economic losses, and adaptation strategies in the fisheries sector. Therefore, this study aims to determine the risk perceptions of commercial fishermen operating in the Sea of Marmara regarding mucilage, reveal its economic and social impacts, and develop strategies for effective risk management. Research data were obtained from surveys conducted with 146 fishermen, semi-structured interviews with sector representatives, and focus group discussions. The economic performance of fishermen was assessed through classical economic analysis. Their risk attitudes were determined using the reference gamble method, and the reliability of the awareness scale was tested with Cronbach's alpha. In addition, the probability of mucilage risk occurrence was calculated using Bayesian analysis. The Delphi method, based on the views of commercial fishermen, sector stakeholders, and experts, was employed to identify, measure, and assess mucilage-related risks. Social network analysis was conducted in combination with other data obtained to prepare the risk management plan. According to the research findings, the average age of managers of commercial fishing enterprises is 51, with 26 years of experience. Their fleets consist of an average of one to three vessels, aged between 17 and 21 years. Most vessels were found to be old and with limited technical capacity. On average, 30 fish species are caught over 174 fishing days yearly. The findings indicate that fishermen perceive mucilage as an ecological problem and a multidimensional economic and social threat. Furthermore, enterprises' limited capital levels and technical deficiencies increase their vulnerability to the impacts of mucilage. The social network analysis results demonstrate that fishermen have weak capacities for solidarity and organization in coping with risks, although risk management becomes more effective as cooperation increases. The study concludes that risk management plans in the fisheries of the Sea of Marmara should be strengthened through social network-based approaches, while enhancing the capacity of fishermen's organizations and supporting technical modernization investments.
The mucilage phenomenon, which was intensely observed in the Sea of Marmara in 2021, has adversely affected the marine ecosystem and the region's commercial fishing activities. This situation has necessitated a scientific examination of risk perceptions, economic losses, and adaptation strategies in the fisheries sector. Therefore, this study aims to determine the risk perceptions of commercial fishermen operating in the Sea of Marmara regarding mucilage, reveal its economic and social impacts, and develop strategies for effective risk management. Research data were obtained from surveys conducted with 146 fishermen, semi-structured interviews with sector representatives, and focus group discussions. The economic performance of fishermen was assessed through classical economic analysis. Their risk attitudes were determined using the reference gamble method, and the reliability of the awareness scale was tested with Cronbach's alpha. In addition, the probability of mucilage risk occurrence was calculated using Bayesian analysis. The Delphi method, based on the views of commercial fishermen, sector stakeholders, and experts, was employed to identify, measure, and assess mucilage-related risks. Social network analysis was conducted in combination with other data obtained to prepare the risk management plan. According to the research findings, the average age of managers of commercial fishing enterprises is 51, with 26 years of experience. Their fleets consist of an average of one to three vessels, aged between 17 and 21 years. Most vessels were found to be old and with limited technical capacity. On average, 30 fish species are caught over 174 fishing days yearly. The findings indicate that fishermen perceive mucilage as an ecological problem and a multidimensional economic and social threat. Furthermore, enterprises' limited capital levels and technical deficiencies increase their vulnerability to the impacts of mucilage. The social network analysis results demonstrate that fishermen have weak capacities for solidarity and organization in coping with risks, although risk management becomes more effective as cooperation increases. The study concludes that risk management plans in the fisheries of the Sea of Marmara should be strengthened through social network-based approaches, while enhancing the capacity of fishermen's organizations and supporting technical modernization investments.
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