Publication: Ahlakta Duygu Faktörü: Felsefi Bir Analiz
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Bu çalışmada duyguların ahlaki temellendirmelerdeki yeri ve önemi araştırılmaktadır. Ahlakın kaynağını insan doğasında araştırmaya başladığımızda karşımıza çeşitli içsel temeller çıkmaktadır. Akıl, irade, haz ve fayda şeklinde sayabileceğimiz içsel temellerden biri de duygudur. Ahlaki eylemin bir duyguya dayandığı görüşü modern dönemde özellikle İngiliz empirik etiğinde oldukça etkili olmuştur. Bu dönemde ortaya konan 'ahlak duyusu öğretisi' ve 'duygudaşlık etiği' ahlaki eylemin kaynağına duyguları yerleştirmiştir. Kıta Avrupası'nda Rousseau ve Shopenhauer da benzer şekilde, ahlakın temelini merhamet duygusuna dayandırmıştır. Yirminci yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Emotivizm (Duyguculuk) ise, metaetik bir yaklaşım olarak ahlakın kaynağı meselesine kafa yormamış, yalnızca ahlaki ifadelerin ne anlama geldiklerini tespit etmeye çalışmıştır. Emotivizm'e göre, ahlaki ifadeler yalnızca duyguları dışa vurmaya ve bizi dinleyen kişilerde bir takım etkiler uyandırmaya yararlar. Emotivizm duygucu bir yaklaşım olmasına rağmen duyguların bilişsel değerini görmezden gelmiş ve duyguları itibarsızlaştırmıştır. Bu nedenle çalışmamızda Emotivizm'in zayıf yönleri ve negatif içeriği tespit edilmiştir. Ardından aynı yüzyılda ortaya çıkan Bauman'ın 'İrrasyonel Etiğ'i ve Hilmi Ziya Ülken'in 'Aşk Ahlakı' incelenerek duyguların ahlaktaki yeri ve önemi değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak, ahlakın temeli meselesinde akıl-duygu çatışmasını içeren indirgemeci yaklaşımlara karşı, akıl-duygu birliğini içerdiğini düşündüğümüz vicdan kavramı üzerinden daha bütünsel bir yaklaşım ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahlak Duyusu, Duygudaşlık, Merhamet, Emotivizm, Metaetik, Bütünsel Yaklaşım
In this study, the role of emotions in the foundations of ethics has been investigated. Having examined the origins of moral action in human nature, various internal foundations such as reason, will, pleasure and utility have been identified. Emotion has also been considered as a foundation of ethics. The approach that moral actions depend on emotions has been fairly efficient especially in empirical ethics in modern English philosophy. 'The moral sense theory' and 'theory of sympathy' which were developed in modern philosophy, have placed the emotions in the origin of morality. Similarly Rousseau and Shopenhauer in Continental Philosophy asserted that pity plays a major role in moral action. However, Emotivism which reached prominence in the twentieth century as a meta-ethical approach, didn't involve in the problem of origin, it only identified the meanings of ethical statements. Emotivism asserts that the moral statements do nothing more than express the speaker's feelings and to make affects on audience. Although Emotivism is an approach emphasising on emotions, this theory ignores the rationality of emotions and discredit the value of them. Therefore, in this study, the weaknesses and negative contents of this approach have been identified. Moreover, Bauman's 'Irrational Ethics' and Hilmi Ziya Ülken's 'Ethics of Love' both of which came out in the same century have been analysed and the role of emotions in moral action in their approach has been evaluated. Finally, against to the reductive approach that includes conflict between reason and emotion, and integrated approach implying a harmony between reason and emotion through 'moral conciousness' has been suggested. Key words: Moral Sense, Sympathy, Pity, Emotivism, Meta-Ethics, İntegrated Approach
In this study, the role of emotions in the foundations of ethics has been investigated. Having examined the origins of moral action in human nature, various internal foundations such as reason, will, pleasure and utility have been identified. Emotion has also been considered as a foundation of ethics. The approach that moral actions depend on emotions has been fairly efficient especially in empirical ethics in modern English philosophy. 'The moral sense theory' and 'theory of sympathy' which were developed in modern philosophy, have placed the emotions in the origin of morality. Similarly Rousseau and Shopenhauer in Continental Philosophy asserted that pity plays a major role in moral action. However, Emotivism which reached prominence in the twentieth century as a meta-ethical approach, didn't involve in the problem of origin, it only identified the meanings of ethical statements. Emotivism asserts that the moral statements do nothing more than express the speaker's feelings and to make affects on audience. Although Emotivism is an approach emphasising on emotions, this theory ignores the rationality of emotions and discredit the value of them. Therefore, in this study, the weaknesses and negative contents of this approach have been identified. Moreover, Bauman's 'Irrational Ethics' and Hilmi Ziya Ülken's 'Ethics of Love' both of which came out in the same century have been analysed and the role of emotions in moral action in their approach has been evaluated. Finally, against to the reductive approach that includes conflict between reason and emotion, and integrated approach implying a harmony between reason and emotion through 'moral conciousness' has been suggested. Key words: Moral Sense, Sympathy, Pity, Emotivism, Meta-Ethics, İntegrated Approach
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Tez (doktora) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2019
Libra Kayıt No: 126661
Libra Kayıt No: 126661
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