Publication: Derin Ötektik Çözeltiler Kullanılarak Kırmızı Pancar (Beta Vulgaris)'dan Betalainlerin Eldesi
Abstract
Derin ötektik çözücüler (DES'ler), kararlılıkları ve biyouyumlulukları nedeniyle kabul edinirliği yüksek olan yeni nesil yeşil çözücülerdir. Bu çalışmada kolin klorür-alkoller, kolin klorür-organik asitler, kolin klorür-şekerler, organik asitler-kolin klorür ve organik asitler-şekerlerden oluşan 10 farklı DES ve geleneksel çözücülerle kırmızı pancar betalainlerinin ekstraksiyonu amaçlanmıştır. Farklı çözücülerle ekstrakte edilen betalain verimleri birbiriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. En etkili çözücü ve ekstraksiyon koşullarını belirlemek için yapılan çalışmanın ilk aşamasında kolin klorür:glikoz (1:2)'un en etkili DES olduğu belirlenmiştir. DES'lerin HBA (Hidrojen Bağı Alıcıları) ve HBD (Hidrojen Bağı Donörleri) profil yapılarına göre elektrik iletkenliği, pH ve vizkozite sonuçları birbirlerinden çok farklı bulunmuş ve bu farklılık betalain verimi üzerine de etkili olmuştur. En yüksek verimin sağlandığı kolin klorür:glikoz (DES 5) ile yanıt yüzey metodolojisi ve merkezi kompozit tasarımı ile ekstraksiyon koşulları optimize edilmiştir. Optimizasyonda bağımsız değişken olarak molar oran (HBA=1: HBD=0.41, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.09), su içeriği (8.18, 15, 25, 35 ve 41.82%) ve sıcaklık (19.77, 30, 45, 60 ve 70.23°C) kullanılmıştır. Betalain ekstraksiyonunda optimum koşulların kolin klorür:glikoz molar oranı 1:0.75, su içeriği %30.83 ve sıcaklık 30°C olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Bu koşullarda betalain, betasiyanin ve betaksantin için yanıtlar sırasıyla 1192.17±23.63 mg/kg, 738.83±17.87 mg/kg, 453.34±5.93 mg/kg bulunmuştur. Optimum koşullarda elde edilen ekstraktlarda biyoyararlılık analizi ve stabilite testleri yapılmıştır. Biyoerişebilirlik değerleri betasiyanin, betaksantin ve betalain için sırasıyla %44.67, 75.02 ve 56.21 olarak saptanmıştır. Optimum koşulda elde edilen ekstraktlar oda sıcaklığında (20°C), karanlık ve ışıkta ayrıca buzdolabında (4°C) depolanarak depolama stabilitesi test edilmiştir. Işıkta 9 gün depolama sonunda toplam betalainde %84.90 kayıp belirlenirken, karanlıkta %59.47 belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, DES bazlı çözücülerin kırmızı pancar betalainlerinin ekstraksiyonunda geleneksel çözücülere göre daha yüksek verim sağladığını göstermiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kırmızı pancar, Betalain, Yeşil kimya, Derin ötektik çözücü, Optimizasyon
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are high-acceptance new generation green solvents due to their stability and biocompatibility. This study aims to extract red beet betalains using 10 different DESs consisting of choline chloride-alcohols, choline chloride-organic acids, choline chloride-sugars, organic acids-choline chloride, and organic acids-sugars, as well as traditional solvents. The betalain yields extracted with different solvents were compared. In the first stage of the study to determine the most effective solvent and extraction conditions, choline chloride:glucose (1:2) was found to be the most effective DES. The electrical conductivity, pH, and viscosity results of DESs varied significantly based on their hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) profiles, and this variation also influenced the betalain yield. Using choline chloride:glucose (DES 5) that provided the highest yield, extraction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology and central composite design. As independent variables, molar ratio (HBA=1:HBD=0.41, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.09), water content (8.18, 15, 25, 35, and 41.82%), and temperature (19.77, 30, 45, 60, and 70.23°C) were used in the optimization. The optimal conditions for betalain extraction were determined as choline chloride:glucose molar ratio of 1:0.75, water content of 30.83%, and temperature of 30°C. The respective responses for betalain, betacyanin, and betaxanthin under these conditions were 1192.17±23.63 mg/kg, 738.83±17.87 mg/kg, and 453.34±5.93 mg/kg. Bioaccessibility analysis and stability tests were conducted on the extracts obtained under optimal conditions. The bioaccessibility values for betacyanin, betaxanthin, and betalain were determined as 44.67%, 75.02%, and 56.21%, respectively. The extracts obtained under optimal conditions were subjected to storage stability tests at room temperature (20°C), in the dark, and in the refrigerator (4°C). After 9 days of storage in light, a loss of 84.90% was determined in total betalain, while in the dark, it was determined as 59.47%. This study demonstrated that DES-based solvents provide higher efficiency in the extraction of red beet betalains compared to traditional solvents. Keywords: Red beet, Betalain, Green chemistry, Deep eutectic solvent, Optimization
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are high-acceptance new generation green solvents due to their stability and biocompatibility. This study aims to extract red beet betalains using 10 different DESs consisting of choline chloride-alcohols, choline chloride-organic acids, choline chloride-sugars, organic acids-choline chloride, and organic acids-sugars, as well as traditional solvents. The betalain yields extracted with different solvents were compared. In the first stage of the study to determine the most effective solvent and extraction conditions, choline chloride:glucose (1:2) was found to be the most effective DES. The electrical conductivity, pH, and viscosity results of DESs varied significantly based on their hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) profiles, and this variation also influenced the betalain yield. Using choline chloride:glucose (DES 5) that provided the highest yield, extraction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology and central composite design. As independent variables, molar ratio (HBA=1:HBD=0.41, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.09), water content (8.18, 15, 25, 35, and 41.82%), and temperature (19.77, 30, 45, 60, and 70.23°C) were used in the optimization. The optimal conditions for betalain extraction were determined as choline chloride:glucose molar ratio of 1:0.75, water content of 30.83%, and temperature of 30°C. The respective responses for betalain, betacyanin, and betaxanthin under these conditions were 1192.17±23.63 mg/kg, 738.83±17.87 mg/kg, and 453.34±5.93 mg/kg. Bioaccessibility analysis and stability tests were conducted on the extracts obtained under optimal conditions. The bioaccessibility values for betacyanin, betaxanthin, and betalain were determined as 44.67%, 75.02%, and 56.21%, respectively. The extracts obtained under optimal conditions were subjected to storage stability tests at room temperature (20°C), in the dark, and in the refrigerator (4°C). After 9 days of storage in light, a loss of 84.90% was determined in total betalain, while in the dark, it was determined as 59.47%. This study demonstrated that DES-based solvents provide higher efficiency in the extraction of red beet betalains compared to traditional solvents. Keywords: Red beet, Betalain, Green chemistry, Deep eutectic solvent, Optimization
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