Publication: Ünye-Fatsa Arasının (Ordu) Karst Jeomorfolojisi
Abstract
Karadeniz kıyı kuşağı karstlaşma için uygun iklime sahiptir ve bazı alanlarda ise karstlaşmaya uygun kayaçlar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada karstlaşmaya uygun kayaçların yüzeylendiği alanlardan biri olan Ünye – Fatsa ilçeleri arasında kalan sahanın karst jeomorfolojisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma sahası Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin Orta Karadeniz Bölümü'ndeki Ordu İlinin Ünye ve Fatsa İlçe sınırları içinde yer almaktadır. Sahanın sınırlarını doğuda Elekçi Deresi, batıda Cura Deresi, kuzeyde Karadeniz oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sahasının güney sınırı ise karstik anakayanın formasyon sınırı dikkate alınarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında karstlaşma ve karstik şekillerin incelenmesinde arazi gözlemleri ve uzaktan algılama sistemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca sahadan alınan kayaç numunelerine XRD analizi uygulanarak karstlaşma şartları belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre kayaçlardaki kalsit oranı ile karstlaşma arasında doğru bir orantı olduğu görülmüştür. Bunun yanında araştırma sahasında bulunan dolinlerin oluşum ve gelişimlerinin açıklanmasında çeşitli morfometrik analizlerden faydalanılmıştır. Özellikle hesaplanan uzama oranı ile dolinler dairesel/yarıdairesel, yarı eliptik, eliptik ve uzamış olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Ayrıca bu şekillenmede etkili olan faktörler değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sahasındaki karstik şekiller Üst Kretase-Paleosen yaşlı kireçtaşları üzerinde gelişmiştir. Bu formasyon sahada toplam 213 km² alana sahiptir. Bu alan dolinler, lapyalar, subatanlar, eksürjans kaynaklar ve mağaralar gibi birçok karstik şeklin yoğun bir şekilde bulunduğu bir bölgeye karşılık gelmektedir. Araştırma sahasında tipik Karadeniz İklimi görülmektedir. Anakaya, iklim ve topoğrafya sahada 'Karadeniz Tipi Karst' olarak adlandırılabilecek bölgeye has bir örtülü karst tipinin gelişmesini desteklemiştir. Bu karst tipinin en belirgin özelliği kalın bir toprak ve yoğun bir bitki örtüsü altında gelişmiş olmasıdır. Sahada en fazla rastlanan karstik şekiller dolinlerdir. Nitekim sahada 240 adet dolin tespit edilmiştir. Bu dolinlerin %56,25'i yarı eliptik, %20,42'si dairesel, %16,65'i dairesel ve %7,08'i eiptik şekildedir. Bunun dışında karstik anakayanın yüzeye çıktığı sınırlı alanlarda lapyalar gelişme imkânı bulmuştur. Çalışma alanında bol miktarda karstik kaynak bulunmaktadır. Bu kaynaklardan çıkan bazı sular düdenler aracılığıyla yer altına inmektedir. Yer altına inen bu sular mağaraların oluşmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu mağaraların içerisinde sarkıt, dikit, damlataşı ve traverten havuzu gibi birçok derinlik karstı şekillerine rastlanmıştır.
The Black Sea coastal zone has a suitable climate for karstification and in some areas there are rocks suitable for karstification. In this study, the karst geomorphology of the area between Unye and Fatsa districts, which is one of the areas where rocks suitable for karstification are outcropped, was investigated. The research area is located within the borders of Unye and Fatsa Districts of Ordu Province in the Central Black Sea Region of the Black Sea Region. The boundaries of the field are Elekçi Creek in the east, Cura Creek in the west, and the Black Sea in the north. The southern boundary of the study area was determined by considering the formation boundary of the karstic bedrock. Within the scope of the study, field observations and remote sensing systems were used in the examination of karstification and karst forms. In addition, the karstification conditions were determined by applying XRD analysis to the rock samples taken from the field. According to the results of the analysis, it was seen that there is a direct proportionality between the calcite ratio in the rocks and karstification. In addition, various morphometric analyzes were used to explain the formation and development of dolines in the research area. Especially with the calculated elongation ratio, dolines are classified as circular/semicircular, semi-elliptical, elliptical and elongated. In addition, the factors affecting this formation were evaluated. The karstic shapes in the study area were developed on the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene aged limestones. This formation has a total area of 213 km² in the field. This area corresponds to an area where many karst forms such as dolines, lapias, sinkholes, exurgent springs and caves are densely located. The typical Black Sea climate is observed in the research area. The bedrock, climate and topography supported the development of a cover karst type unique to the region, which can be called 'Black Sea Type Karst'. The most distinctive feature of this karst type is that it developed under thick soil and dense vegetation. The most common karst shapes in the field are dolines. As a matter of fact, 240 dolines were detected in the field. 56.25% of these dolines are semi-elliptical, 20.42% are circular, 16.65% are circular and 7.08% are eliptic. Apart from this, lapia have found the opportunity to develop in limited areas where the karstic bedrock comes to the surface. There are plenty of karstic springs in the study area. Some waters from these springs go underground through sinkholes. These underground waters contribute to the formation of caves. Many depth karst shapes such as stalactites, stalagmites, dripstones and travertine pools were encountered in these caves.
The Black Sea coastal zone has a suitable climate for karstification and in some areas there are rocks suitable for karstification. In this study, the karst geomorphology of the area between Unye and Fatsa districts, which is one of the areas where rocks suitable for karstification are outcropped, was investigated. The research area is located within the borders of Unye and Fatsa Districts of Ordu Province in the Central Black Sea Region of the Black Sea Region. The boundaries of the field are Elekçi Creek in the east, Cura Creek in the west, and the Black Sea in the north. The southern boundary of the study area was determined by considering the formation boundary of the karstic bedrock. Within the scope of the study, field observations and remote sensing systems were used in the examination of karstification and karst forms. In addition, the karstification conditions were determined by applying XRD analysis to the rock samples taken from the field. According to the results of the analysis, it was seen that there is a direct proportionality between the calcite ratio in the rocks and karstification. In addition, various morphometric analyzes were used to explain the formation and development of dolines in the research area. Especially with the calculated elongation ratio, dolines are classified as circular/semicircular, semi-elliptical, elliptical and elongated. In addition, the factors affecting this formation were evaluated. The karstic shapes in the study area were developed on the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene aged limestones. This formation has a total area of 213 km² in the field. This area corresponds to an area where many karst forms such as dolines, lapias, sinkholes, exurgent springs and caves are densely located. The typical Black Sea climate is observed in the research area. The bedrock, climate and topography supported the development of a cover karst type unique to the region, which can be called 'Black Sea Type Karst'. The most distinctive feature of this karst type is that it developed under thick soil and dense vegetation. The most common karst shapes in the field are dolines. As a matter of fact, 240 dolines were detected in the field. 56.25% of these dolines are semi-elliptical, 20.42% are circular, 16.65% are circular and 7.08% are eliptic. Apart from this, lapia have found the opportunity to develop in limited areas where the karstic bedrock comes to the surface. There are plenty of karstic springs in the study area. Some waters from these springs go underground through sinkholes. These underground waters contribute to the formation of caves. Many depth karst shapes such as stalactites, stalagmites, dripstones and travertine pools were encountered in these caves.
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