Investigation of Phenolic Contents and Bioactivities of Water-Based Extracts Prepared From Cryogenically Pulverized Turkish Propolis

Abstract

In recent years, propolis has generated significant interest in traditional medicine. Its extraction is a necessary process that requires optimal conditions that strongly influence extraction yield, chemical composition, and biological activity. The current study sought to evaluate the possible effects of pulverized propolis extract (PP) extracted from water-based Turkish propolis (WBTP) extract at low temperatures (+ 4, -80, and - 196 & DEG;C) on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant, antibacterial, enzyme inhibition, and DNA protective activities. The yield with the highest extraction efficiency was PP-196 (38.86%), while the PP-80 extract had the highest content of TPC (13.99 +/- 0.03 mg GAE/g) and TFC (3.38 +/- 0.01 mg QE/g). The HPLC-MS/MS of PP-80 extract showed the highest levels of chrysin (8708.28 mu g/mL), o-coumaric acid (2939.24 mu g/mL), caffeic acid (1734.35 mu g/mL), kaempferol (909.61 mu g/mL), p-coumaric acid (900.18 mu g/mL), tamarixetin (850.10 mu g/mL), morin (648.46 mu g/mL), and trans-ferulic acid (619.26 mu g/mL). (1) H NMR spectral analysis confirmed that the PP-80 and PP + 4 extracts exhibited high signal intensities for galangin, chrysin, ramnocitrin, genkwanin, tectochrysin, and 3-metoxycamherol. The WBTP extracts were found to be effective free radical scavengers (DPPH center dot, ABTS(center dot+), O-2(center dot-)), and the PP-80 extract had a high adequate reducing power (p < 0.05). PP-80 and PP-196 extracts had more significant inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, alpha-glucosidase, lipase, and tyrosinase than the standards (p < 0.05). PP-196 extract was active against P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, E. faecalis, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes. All extracts presented considerable DNA protection activity, ranging from 73 to 85%. These findings demonstrate that PP-80 and PP-196 extracts are rich in phenolic components and possess powerful biochemical properties, supporting their proven use as dietary supplements for human health.