Publication: 2008 Küresel Finansal Krizi Sonrası Amerikan ve Avrupa Merkez Bankaları'nın Para Politikaları
Abstract
2007 yılının ortalarında dünyanın en büyük ekonomisi olan ABD'nin ipotekli konut piyasasında ortaya çıkan krizin, sermayenin mobilitesinin hat safhaya ulaştığı bir dönemde tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alarak küresel bir yapıya bürünmesi adeta kaçınılmazdı. Bu küresel kriz, en çok gelişmiş ülkeleri etkilemiştir. Ekonomi politikalarının yönetiminde merkez bankalarının parasal araçlarının hâkim olduğu bir ortamda gelişmiş ülkeler için makul bir örnek oluşturacaklarından FED ile ECB'nin küresel finansal kriz sonrası para politikalarının incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi son derece önemlidir. Buna göre bu çalışmada büyük çoğunlukla söz konusu merkez bankalarının yayınladıkları raporlardan hareketle küresel finansal kriz sonrası FED ile ECB'nin para politikaları ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. FED ile ECB, ilk etapta politika faiz oranlarını indirerek geleneksel para politikası araçlarıyla finansal krizin etkilerini gidermeye çalıştı. Ancak finansal piyasalardaki aksaklıklar, para politikasının aktarım mekanizmasının işleyişini bozduğundan merkez bankalarının geleneksel para politikaları, reel ekonomiye olumlu yönde etki edemedi. Bunun sonucunda hem FED hem de ECB geleneksel araçların dışına çıkarak geleneksel olmayan para politikası yöntemleri geliştirdi. Bu yöntemler genellikle varlık alım programları etrafında şekillendi. Böylece geleneksel ve geleneksel olmayan para politikalarının eş güdümüyle para piyasalarında kayda değer ölçüde toparlanma gözlendi. Ancak aynı toparlanma kredi piyasaları için söz konusu olmadı. Özellikle özel sektöre yönelik kredi piyasası merkez bankalarının para politikalarına gecikmeli olarak tepki verdi. Toparlayacak olursak, geleneksel ve geleneksel olmayan para politikası önlemleri sonucunda hem FED'in hem de ECB'nin bilançolarındaki varlıklarının toplam değeri rekor düzeylere ulaştı.
It was almost inevitable that the crisis that emerged in the mortgage market of the USA, the world's largest economy, in mid-2007, would take on a global structure by affecting the whole world at a time when the mobility of capital reached its peak. This global crisis affected the developed countries the most. It is crucial to examine and evaluate the monetary policies of the FED and the ECB after the global financial crisis, as they will set a reasonable example for developed countries in an environment dominated by the monetary instruments of central banks in the management of economy policies. Accordingly, in this study, the monetary policies of the FED and the ECB after the global financial crisis were examined in detail, mostly based on the reports published by these central banks. The FED and the ECB sought to alleviate the effects of the financial crisis with conventional monetary policy tools by reducing policy rates in the first place. However, the conventional monetary policies of the central banks could not have a positive impact on the real economy, as the turmoil in the financial market disrupted the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. As a result, both the FED and the ECB created unconventional monetary policy methods by going beyond conventional instruments. These methods were generally shaped around asset purchase programs. Thus, a remarkable recover was observed in the money markets with the coordination of conventional and unconventional monetary policies. However, the same recovery was not the case for credit markets. The credit market, especially for the private sector, reacted to the monetary policies of the central banks with lags. To sum up, the total value of the assets in the balance sheet of both the FED and the ECB reached record levels as a result of conventional and nonconventional policy measures.
It was almost inevitable that the crisis that emerged in the mortgage market of the USA, the world's largest economy, in mid-2007, would take on a global structure by affecting the whole world at a time when the mobility of capital reached its peak. This global crisis affected the developed countries the most. It is crucial to examine and evaluate the monetary policies of the FED and the ECB after the global financial crisis, as they will set a reasonable example for developed countries in an environment dominated by the monetary instruments of central banks in the management of economy policies. Accordingly, in this study, the monetary policies of the FED and the ECB after the global financial crisis were examined in detail, mostly based on the reports published by these central banks. The FED and the ECB sought to alleviate the effects of the financial crisis with conventional monetary policy tools by reducing policy rates in the first place. However, the conventional monetary policies of the central banks could not have a positive impact on the real economy, as the turmoil in the financial market disrupted the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. As a result, both the FED and the ECB created unconventional monetary policy methods by going beyond conventional instruments. These methods were generally shaped around asset purchase programs. Thus, a remarkable recover was observed in the money markets with the coordination of conventional and unconventional monetary policies. However, the same recovery was not the case for credit markets. The credit market, especially for the private sector, reacted to the monetary policies of the central banks with lags. To sum up, the total value of the assets in the balance sheet of both the FED and the ECB reached record levels as a result of conventional and nonconventional policy measures.
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