Publication: Taş Kolonlarla İyileştirilen Zeminlerin Deprem Etkisi Altındaki Davranışının İncelenmesi
Abstract
Yumuşak zeminler geoteknik mühendisliğinin en önemli konularından biridir. Özellikle yumuşak kil zeminlerin ani ve aşırı oturma yapmaları taşıma gücünün zayıf olması nedeniyle çok büyük problemler oluşturabilir. Ayrıca bu zeminlerde deprem gibi sismik bir yük etkisinde daha büyük problemler meydana gelebilir. Bu nedenlerle yumuşak zeminlerin mutlaka iyileştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Son dönemde yumuşak zeminlerin iyileştirilmesinde birçok yöntem (fore kazık, mini kazık, jet grout, derin karıştırma, taş kolon vb.) sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Diğer yöntemlere göre daha ekonomik olması ve daha hızlı imal edilmesi sebebiyle, bu çalışmada taş kolon yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Plaxis 2D programı yardımıyla taş kolon ile güçlendirilen yumuşak zemininin deprem etkisi altındaki taşıma gücü ve deplasman değişimi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada 80 m genişliğinde, 12 metrelik yumuşak kil ve 18 metrelik sıkı kumdan oluşan toplamda 30 m kalınlığındaki zemin modeli üzerine, 4 m genişliğinde bir temel eklenerek, bu temel üzerine 0,5 m lik deplasman yükü yüklenmiştir. İlk bölümde, dört farklı kohezyon değeri (c=15, 20, 25, 30 kN/m2) kullanılarak oluşturulan bu zemin modeli, herhangi bir iyileştirmeye tabi tutulmadan, 24 Ocak 2020 tarihinde meydana gelen Elazığ ve 30 Ekim 2020 tarihinde meydana gelen İzmir depremleri etkisinde analiz edilmiştir. Daha sonra aynı özellikteki yumuşak zemin modeline farklı çaplarda (60, 80 cm), farklı aralıklarda (s/D=2, 3) ve farklı içsel sürtünme açılarına sahip (ϕ=35°, 40°, 45°) taş kolonlar eklenerek yine aynı depremlerin etkisinde analizler yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak taş kolonlu ve taş kolonsuz zeminin, deprem etkisindeki taşıma gücü değişimi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca yine deprem etkisinde parametrelerdeki değişkenlere bağlı olarak temel plakasının orta noktasından alınan değerler ile kalıcı deplasman değerlerinin ne ölçüde etkilendiği de değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada özellikle pseudo-statik yaklaşımdan farklı olarak deprem esnasındaki taşıma gücü değişimleri, Plaxis 2D programının dinamik modülü kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen taşıma gücü değerlerinde, Elazığ ve İzmir depremleri için sırasıyla, dinamik analizlerde pseudo-statik analizere göre ortalama %74 ve %25'lik azalma meydana geldiği görülmüştür. Sonuçlar, dinamik analizlerin bu tür taşıma gücü hesaplarında özellikle dikkate alınmasının gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur.
Soft soil is one of the most important issues of geotechnical engineering. Sudden and excessive settlement of soft clay soils, in particular, can cause huge problems due to poor bearing capacity. In addition, bigger problems may occur in these soils under the effect of a seismic load such as an earthquake. For these reasons, soft soils must be improved. Recently, many methods (bored pile, mini pile, jet grout, deep mixing, stone column, etc.) are used frequently in the improvement of soft soils. The stone column method was preferred in this study because it is more economical and faster to manufacture than other methods. In this study, the bearing capacity and displacement changes of the soft soil reinforced with stone columns under the effect of earthquake were investigated with the help of Plaxis 2D program. In the study, a 4 m wide foundation was added on a soil model of 80 m width, 12 m of soft clay and 18 m of dense sand, with a total thickness of 30 m, and a displacement load of 0.5 m was loaded on this foundation. In the first part, this soil model, which was created using four different cohesion values (c=15, 20, 25, 30 kN/m2), was analyzed without any improvement, under the influence of the Elazığ earthquakes on January 24, 2020 and the İzmir earthquakes on October 30, 2020. Then, the soft soil models with the same properties are improved with stone columns of different diameters (60, 80 cm), different spacings (s/D=2, 3) and with different internal friction angles (ϕ=35°, 40°, 45°). were analyzed under the influence of the same earthquakes.As a result, the change in bearing capacity of the soil with and without stone columns under the effect of earthquakes was investigated. In addition, it was also evaluated to what extent the values taken from the mid-point of the foundation plate and the permanent displacement values were affected, depending on the variables in the parameters under the effect of the earthquake. In this study, unlike the pseudo-static approach, the bearing capacity changes during the earthquake were determined by using the dynamic module of the Plaxis 2D program. In the determined bearing capacity values, an average of 74% and 25% decrease was observed in the dynamic analyzes for the Elazığ and İzmir earthquakes, respectively, compared to the pseudo-static analyzes. The results revealed that dynamic analyzes should be especially taken into account in such bearing capacity calculations.
Soft soil is one of the most important issues of geotechnical engineering. Sudden and excessive settlement of soft clay soils, in particular, can cause huge problems due to poor bearing capacity. In addition, bigger problems may occur in these soils under the effect of a seismic load such as an earthquake. For these reasons, soft soils must be improved. Recently, many methods (bored pile, mini pile, jet grout, deep mixing, stone column, etc.) are used frequently in the improvement of soft soils. The stone column method was preferred in this study because it is more economical and faster to manufacture than other methods. In this study, the bearing capacity and displacement changes of the soft soil reinforced with stone columns under the effect of earthquake were investigated with the help of Plaxis 2D program. In the study, a 4 m wide foundation was added on a soil model of 80 m width, 12 m of soft clay and 18 m of dense sand, with a total thickness of 30 m, and a displacement load of 0.5 m was loaded on this foundation. In the first part, this soil model, which was created using four different cohesion values (c=15, 20, 25, 30 kN/m2), was analyzed without any improvement, under the influence of the Elazığ earthquakes on January 24, 2020 and the İzmir earthquakes on October 30, 2020. Then, the soft soil models with the same properties are improved with stone columns of different diameters (60, 80 cm), different spacings (s/D=2, 3) and with different internal friction angles (ϕ=35°, 40°, 45°). were analyzed under the influence of the same earthquakes.As a result, the change in bearing capacity of the soil with and without stone columns under the effect of earthquakes was investigated. In addition, it was also evaluated to what extent the values taken from the mid-point of the foundation plate and the permanent displacement values were affected, depending on the variables in the parameters under the effect of the earthquake. In this study, unlike the pseudo-static approach, the bearing capacity changes during the earthquake were determined by using the dynamic module of the Plaxis 2D program. In the determined bearing capacity values, an average of 74% and 25% decrease was observed in the dynamic analyzes for the Elazığ and İzmir earthquakes, respectively, compared to the pseudo-static analyzes. The results revealed that dynamic analyzes should be especially taken into account in such bearing capacity calculations.
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