Publication: İkinci Meşrutiyet Sonrası Osmanlı Ordusunda Yenileşme Hamleleri
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Osmanlı Devleti başarılı fetih hareketlerinin yapıldığı yüzyıllar boyunca Avrupa karşısında gerek askerî gerekse idarî yönden üstün bir pozisyona sahip olmuştur. Avrupa, 17. yüzyıl ile birlikte teknik gelişmeleri devlet mekanizması ve askerî unsurlara başarı ile uygulayabilmiş, Osmanlı Devleti karşısındaki yenilmişlik hissini üzerinden atmayı sağlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'nde sistemli olarak ilk yenileşme ihtiyacı Avrupa devletleri ile yapılan uzun savaşlar ile birlikte hissedilmeye başlanmıştır. I. Ahmed döneminden başlayan yenileşme hareketleri devlet içerisinde sınırlı bir kadro tarafından desteklenmiş ve genellikle yeniçerilerin desteklemiş olduğu muhalif unsurlarca sekteye uğratılmıştır. III. Selim ile birlikte askerî alan başta olmak üzere devletin hemen her alanında yapılmaya çalışılan yenileşme hareketleri ulema ve yeniçerilerin başını çekmiş olduğu muhalif kitle tarafından engellenmiş ve Sultan Kabakçı Mustafa İsyanı ile tahttan indirilmiştir. II. Mahmud dönemi Osmanlı'da yenileşme hareketlerinin oldukça yoğun olarak yaşandığı bir zaman dilimini kapsamaktadır. Bu dönemin en önemli olaylarından birisi yıllarca yenileşme karşısında tavır gösteren yeniçeri ocağının kaldırılmasıdır. Yenilikçi özellikleri ile II. Mahmud, kimi tarihçiler tarafından Modern Türkiye'nin kurucusu kabul edilmektedir. Osmanlı Devleti'nde geçen yüzyılda yenileşme hareketlerinin devlet ricalinin geneli tarafından desteklendiği dönem İkinci Meşrutiyet sonrası yıllarıdır. Bu dönemde özellikle askerî alanda yapılan yenilikler Balkan Savaşları sonrasında hız kazanmış ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı bitene kadar da devam ettirilmiştir. 1909-1918 yılları arasında modernize edilen Osmanlı ordusu, Osmanlı Devleti'nin tarih sahnesinden çekilmesi ile birlikte kurulmuş olan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin de askerî öncü kadrolarını meydana getirmiştir. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmakta olup, ilk bölümde kavramsal olarak yenileşme ele alınmış olunup, Osmanlı ordusunun son yüzyıla kadar geçen süre içerisinde geçirmiş olduğu yenileşme hareketleri ve bu hareketler içinde ordu yenileşmelerine değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde İkinci Meşrutiyet ile Birinci Dünya Savaşı arasındaki yenileşme hareketleri ele alınmıştır. Bu süreç 1908-1914 yılları arasını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise, Birinci Dünya Savaşı dönemini içeren 1914-1918 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen yenileşme hareketleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci ve üçüncü bölümlerinde detaylı olarak ele alınan kuvvetler ise kara, hava, deniz ve jandarmadan oluşmaktadır.
Ottoman Empire, throughout the centuries when successful conquests were made, had a superior position in terms of both military and administration against Europe. By the 17th century, Europe was successfully able to apply technical developments to the state mechanism and military, and to overcome the sense of oppression against the Ottoman Empire. For the first time, the need for a systematic innovation in the Ottoman Empire began to be felt during the long wars with the European states. The modernization movements started in the reign of Ahmed I were supported by a limited number of people within the state and were generally interrupted by opponent elements with support of the Janissaries. The modernization movements in the reign of Selim III which were tried to complete in almost all departments of the state, especially in military, were prevented by the opponent mass led by the Ulema and the Janissaries, and the Sultan was dethroned by the rebellion of Kabakçı Mustafa. The reign of Mahmud II contains a period of time when the modernization movements in the Ottoman Empire were intense. One of the most important events of this period was the abolition of the guild of Janissaries which had been opposed to the innovations for years. With his reformist features, Mahmud II is considered to be the founder of modern Turkey by some historians. The period in the last century that modernization movements in the Ottoman Empire were supported by the most of the dignitaries were the years after the second constitutional monarchy. In this period, especially the innovations made in the field of military gained speed after the Balkan Wars and continued until the end of the First World War. The Ottoman Army, modernized between the years of 1909 and 1918, generated the leading members of the military forces of the Republic of Turkey founded with the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the stage of history. The study consists of three chapters. In the first part, the conceptual innovation has been discussed and the modernization movements of the Ottoman army until the last century and the military innovations within these movements have been mentioned. In the second part of the study, the modernization movements between the Second Constitutional Monarchy and the First World War are discussed. This process covers the years 1908-1914. In the third part of the study, the modernization movements carried out between 1914-1918, which includes the period of First World War, are examined. The forces discussed in detail in the second and third parts of the study consist of Land, Air, Sea and Gendarmerie.
Ottoman Empire, throughout the centuries when successful conquests were made, had a superior position in terms of both military and administration against Europe. By the 17th century, Europe was successfully able to apply technical developments to the state mechanism and military, and to overcome the sense of oppression against the Ottoman Empire. For the first time, the need for a systematic innovation in the Ottoman Empire began to be felt during the long wars with the European states. The modernization movements started in the reign of Ahmed I were supported by a limited number of people within the state and were generally interrupted by opponent elements with support of the Janissaries. The modernization movements in the reign of Selim III which were tried to complete in almost all departments of the state, especially in military, were prevented by the opponent mass led by the Ulema and the Janissaries, and the Sultan was dethroned by the rebellion of Kabakçı Mustafa. The reign of Mahmud II contains a period of time when the modernization movements in the Ottoman Empire were intense. One of the most important events of this period was the abolition of the guild of Janissaries which had been opposed to the innovations for years. With his reformist features, Mahmud II is considered to be the founder of modern Turkey by some historians. The period in the last century that modernization movements in the Ottoman Empire were supported by the most of the dignitaries were the years after the second constitutional monarchy. In this period, especially the innovations made in the field of military gained speed after the Balkan Wars and continued until the end of the First World War. The Ottoman Army, modernized between the years of 1909 and 1918, generated the leading members of the military forces of the Republic of Turkey founded with the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the stage of history. The study consists of three chapters. In the first part, the conceptual innovation has been discussed and the modernization movements of the Ottoman army until the last century and the military innovations within these movements have been mentioned. In the second part of the study, the modernization movements between the Second Constitutional Monarchy and the First World War are discussed. This process covers the years 1908-1914. In the third part of the study, the modernization movements carried out between 1914-1918, which includes the period of First World War, are examined. The forces discussed in detail in the second and third parts of the study consist of Land, Air, Sea and Gendarmerie.
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Tez (yüksek lisans) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2019
Libra Kayıt No: 130342
Libra Kayıt No: 130342
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