Publication: Primer ve Refrakter Sekonder Hiperparatiroidizmli Hastalarda Perkütan Etanol Enjeksiyonu Tedavisinin Etkinliği
Abstract
Amaç: Primer hiperparatiroidizm (pHPT) ve refrakter sekonder hiperparatiroidizm (sHPT) hastalarına uygulanan perkütan etanol enjeksiyonu tedavisinin (PEET) başarısını ve bu başarıya etki eden lezyon (lezyon sayısı ve hacmi) ve işlem bazlı (uygulanan enjeksiyon sayısı, enjekte edilen total etanol miktarı ve başarı durumunun zamana göre değişimi) parametrelerin değerlendirilmesi; işlem sonrası erken ve uzun dönemde biyokimyasal değerlerdeki bazale göre değişimin tespiti; başarı durumunu tahmin etmede öngörücü faktörlerin araştırılması; girişimsel işlem sırası ve sonrasında oluşabilecek komplikasyonlara etki eden işlemsel faktörlerin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2006–Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında PEET yapılan 41 hastanın kayıtları retrospektif olarak tarandı. Hastaların demografik verileri, primer ve ek hastalıkları, klinik bulgular ve laboratuvar sonuçları, PEET öncesi ve sonrası takip süresi boyunca biyokimyasal değerleri, etanol enjeksiyonu yapılan lezyon sayısı, lezyon hacmi, işlem sayısı, her hasta için verilen total etanol miktarı, tedavi sonrası işlem başarısı, işlem sırası ve sonrasında gelişen komplikasyonlar kaydedildi. Veriler IBM SPSS v26 ile analiz edildi. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda, PEET uygulanmış ve tedavi sonrası en az 12 aylık takibi bulunan anamnezinde cerrahi kontrendikasyon belirtilen 13 pHPT'li hastanın 8'i (%62), medikal tedaviye dirençli 19 sHPT'li hastanın 11'i (%58) tedaviye başarılı yanıt vererek PEET sonrası uzun dönemde takip biyokimyasal değerlerin hedef aralıkta tutulabildiği gösterilmiştir. Her iki hasta popülasyonunda (pHPT ve sHPT) PEET'den 6 ve 12 ay sonra bazale göre en az ortalama düşüş oranları, intakt parathormon (iPTH) için %50'nin; kalsiyum (Ca) için %14'ün; fosfor (P) için %31'in üzerinde bulundu. Her iki hasta popülasyonunda başarılı grup, başarısız gruba kıyasla istatistiksel anlamlı daha düşük ortalama bazal iPTH değerlerine sahip idi. Ek olarak sHPT'li hastalarda P değerleri de başarısız gruba kıyasla başarılı grupta istatistiksel anlamlı daha düşük idi. v pHPT'de iPTH değerleri ile paratiroid bez hacmi arasında istatistiksel anlamlı pozitif korelasyon bulundu. sHPT'de lezyon bazlı parametre olan hiperplastik lezyon sayısı arttıkça PEET başarı oranlarında azalma eğilimi gözlemlendi. sHPT'de total lezyon hacmi ve lezyon başına düşen enjeksiyon sayısı başarılı grupta başarısız gruba göre istatistiksel anlamlı daha az bulundu. Bez hacmi ≥0,5 cm 3 olan en az iki hiperplastik lezyonu bulunan hastalarda başarısız olma olasılığı istatistiksel anlamlı idi. pHPT için başarılı yanıt verme durumunun zamana göre değişimi istatistiksel olarak, uzun (6. ve 12. aylar) ve kısa dönem (1. ay) verileri arasında anlamlı olup; uzun dönem (6. ve 12. aylar) verileri arasında ise anlamlı değildi. İşlem bazlı parametreler arasındaki pozitif korelasyon yalnız pHPT; işlem ve lezyon bazlı parametreler arasındaki pozitif korelasyonlar ise her iki hasta popülasyonu için anlamlı bulundu. iPTH ve Ca için kısa ve uzun dönem değerlerinin bazale göre değişimi her iki hasta popülasyonunda her iki grup için istatistiksel anlamlı olup; kısa döneme göre uzun dönem değişimi yalnız başarılı grup için istatistiksel anlamlı bulundu. P değerlerinin düşüşü, yalnız bazale göre istatistiksel anlamlı idi. Başarılı grupta iPTH ve Ca değerlerindeki bazale göre en az düşüş kısa dönemde, en çok düşüş ise uzun dönemde bulunarak başarısız grupta Ca ve P değerlerindeki bazale göre en az ve en çok düşüş her iki popülasyondaki gruplar arasında farklı dönemlerde değişim gösterdi. Birkaç çalışmada başarı durumunu tahmin etmede öngörücü faktörleri esas alarak Ki– kare uyum iyiliği testi kullandığımızda, pHPT için bazal iPTH <200 pg/ml olan hasta artışı başarı olasılığını 0,36 kat artırmakta idi. sHPT için bazal iPTH'si ≥600 pg/ml olan hasta sayısındaki olan artışı başarısızlık olasılığını 3,7 kat; 0,5 cm 3 'den büyük iki ve daha fazla lezyonu bulunan hasta sayısındaki artış başarısızlık olasılığını 0,5 kat arttırmaktadır. Her iki hasta popülasyonunda, PEET işlem sırası ve sonrasında acil müdahile gerektiren veya kalıcı ses kısıklığı gibi geridönüşümü olmayan ciddi komplikasyonlar rapor edilmedi. Komplikasyonlarla enjekte edilen etanol miktarı ve uygulanan enjeksiyon sayısı arasında istatistiksel anlamlı orta düzeyde pozitif korelasyon mevcut idi. vi Sonuç: PEET'in amacı, paratiroid bezlerine enjekte edilen etanol ile lezyonda kimyasal nekroz ve ardından hacim azalması sağlayarak lezyonu fonksiyonel olarak yok etmektir. PEET, pHPT ve sHPT'li hastalarda ilk uygulanmasından itibaren yaklaşık 35 yıl geçmesine rağmen minimal invaziv girişimsel tedavi yöntemi olarak kullanılmakta ve günümüze kadar güncelliğini korumaktadır. Özellikle, pHPT için cerrahi tedavi en etkili ve altın standart sayılan tedavi olmasına rağmen cerrahi ve anestezi kontrendikasyonları nedeniyle paratiroidektomi uygulanamadığı durumlarda, PEET minimal invaziv girişimsel tedavi yöntemleri arasında etkili bir seçenektir. Aynı zamanda KBY'si olan medikal tedaviye yanıt vermeyen, cerrahi ve anestezi kontrendikasyonları bulunan sHPT'li hastalarda PEET, alternatif tedavi seçeneği olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, PEET uygulanan pHPT ve sHPT'li hastalarda elde ettiğimiz başarılı sonuçlar bu tedavinin kısa ve uzun dönem etkinliğini ortaya koymuştur. ANAHTAR SÖZCÜKLER: Ultrason, paratiroid, perkütan etanol enjeksiyonu tedavisi, parathormon, kalsium, fosfor
Aim: We aimed to evaluate the success of percutaneous ethanol injection treatment (PEIT) applied to patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) and refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT); to evaluate the lesion (number and volume of lesions) and procedure-based parameters (the number of applied injections, the total amount of injected ethanol, and the change in success status over time) that affect this success; to determine changes in biochemical values compared to basal in the early and long term after the procedure; to investigate predictive factors in predicting success; to investigate the procedural factors that affect the complications that may occur during and after the interventional procedure. Methods and materials: The records of 41 patients who underwent PEET between January 2006 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data of the patients, primary and additional diseases, clinical findings and laboratory results, biochemical values during the follow-up period before and after PEIT, number of lesions injected ethanol, lesion volume, number of procedures, total amount of ethanol given for each patient, post-treatment success, complications during and after the procedure were recorded. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS v26. Results: In our study, there were 13 pHPT and 19 sHPT patients who had PEIT applied and followed for at least 12 months. In the anamnesis, 8 (62%) of 13 pHPT patients with surgical contraindications, 11 (58%) of 19 patients with sHPT resistant to medical treatment successfully responded to treatment and their follow-up biochemical values were the target range in the long term after PEIT. In both patient populations (pHPT and sHPT), 6 and 12 months after PEIT, the least mean decrease rates compared to baseline it was found to be over 50% for intact parathormone (iPTH); 14% for calcium (Ca); 31% for phosphorus (P). In both patient populations, the successful group had statistically significantly lower mean baseline iPTH values compared to the unsuccessful group. In addition, phosphorus viii values in patients with sHPT were statistically significantly lower in the successful group compared to the unsuccessful group. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between iPTH values and parathyroid gland volume in pHPT. As the number of hyperplastic lesions, which is a lesion-based parameter in sHPT, increased, PEIT success rates tended to decrease. Total lesion volume and number of injections per lesion in sHPT were statistically significantly lower in the successful group than in the unsuccessful group. The probability of failure was statistically significant in patients with at least two hyperplastic lesions with a gland volume of ≥0.5 cm 3 . For the pHPT population, the change of successful response with time is statistically significant between long (6th and 12th months) and short term (1st month) data; however, it was not significant between long-term (6th and 12th months) data. The positive correlation between process-based parameters was significant only for the pHPT population. Positive correlations between procedure and lesion-based parameters were found to be significant for both patient populations. The change of short and long–term values for iPTH and Ca compared to baseline was statistically significant for both groups in both patient populations; the long–term change compared to the short–term was found to be statistically significant only for the successful group. The decrease in phosphorus values was statistically significant compared to basal only. In the successful group, the least decrease in iPTH and Ca values compared to basal was found in the short term and the highest decrease was found in the long term. In the unsuccessful group, the least and the highest decrease in Ca and phosphorus values compared to basal varied between the groups in both populations at different periods. When we used the Chi-square test based on predictive factors to predict success in several studies, the increase in patients with basal iPTH <200 pg/ml for pHPT increased the probability of success 0.36 times. For sHPT, the increase in the number of patients with basal iPTH ≥600 pg/ml increases the probability of failure 3.7 times; the increase in the number of patients with two or more lesions larger than 0.5 cm 3 increases the probability of failure by 0.5 times. ix There were no reports of serious complications requiring immediate intervention during and after the PEIT procedure or non-recyclable complications such as permanent hoarseness in either patient population. There was a statistically significant moderate positive correlation between complications and the amount of injected ethanol and the applied number of injections. Conclusion: The purpose of PEIT is to destroy the lesion functionally by providing chemical necrosis and subsequent volume reduction of the lesion with injected ethanol into the parathyroid glands. Although PEIT, has been approximately 35 years since the first application in patients with pHPT and sHPT, it is used as a minimally invasive interventional treatment method and remains current until today. Especially, although surgical treatment for pHPT is the most effective and gold standard treatment, PEIT offers an alternative option among minimally invasive interventional treatment methods in cases where parathyroidectomy cannot be performed in patients with surgical and anesthetic contraindications. At the same time, PEIT stands out as an alternative treatment option in in sHPT patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who do not respond to medical treatment and have surgical and anesthesia contraindications. In our study, the successful results we obtained in patients with pHPT and sHPT undergoing PEIT offer a promising experience for this treatment's short and long-term effectiveness. KEYWORDS: Ultrasound, parathyroid, percutaneous ethanol injection treatment, parathormone, calcium, phosphorus
Aim: We aimed to evaluate the success of percutaneous ethanol injection treatment (PEIT) applied to patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) and refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT); to evaluate the lesion (number and volume of lesions) and procedure-based parameters (the number of applied injections, the total amount of injected ethanol, and the change in success status over time) that affect this success; to determine changes in biochemical values compared to basal in the early and long term after the procedure; to investigate predictive factors in predicting success; to investigate the procedural factors that affect the complications that may occur during and after the interventional procedure. Methods and materials: The records of 41 patients who underwent PEET between January 2006 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data of the patients, primary and additional diseases, clinical findings and laboratory results, biochemical values during the follow-up period before and after PEIT, number of lesions injected ethanol, lesion volume, number of procedures, total amount of ethanol given for each patient, post-treatment success, complications during and after the procedure were recorded. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS v26. Results: In our study, there were 13 pHPT and 19 sHPT patients who had PEIT applied and followed for at least 12 months. In the anamnesis, 8 (62%) of 13 pHPT patients with surgical contraindications, 11 (58%) of 19 patients with sHPT resistant to medical treatment successfully responded to treatment and their follow-up biochemical values were the target range in the long term after PEIT. In both patient populations (pHPT and sHPT), 6 and 12 months after PEIT, the least mean decrease rates compared to baseline it was found to be over 50% for intact parathormone (iPTH); 14% for calcium (Ca); 31% for phosphorus (P). In both patient populations, the successful group had statistically significantly lower mean baseline iPTH values compared to the unsuccessful group. In addition, phosphorus viii values in patients with sHPT were statistically significantly lower in the successful group compared to the unsuccessful group. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between iPTH values and parathyroid gland volume in pHPT. As the number of hyperplastic lesions, which is a lesion-based parameter in sHPT, increased, PEIT success rates tended to decrease. Total lesion volume and number of injections per lesion in sHPT were statistically significantly lower in the successful group than in the unsuccessful group. The probability of failure was statistically significant in patients with at least two hyperplastic lesions with a gland volume of ≥0.5 cm 3 . For the pHPT population, the change of successful response with time is statistically significant between long (6th and 12th months) and short term (1st month) data; however, it was not significant between long-term (6th and 12th months) data. The positive correlation between process-based parameters was significant only for the pHPT population. Positive correlations between procedure and lesion-based parameters were found to be significant for both patient populations. The change of short and long–term values for iPTH and Ca compared to baseline was statistically significant for both groups in both patient populations; the long–term change compared to the short–term was found to be statistically significant only for the successful group. The decrease in phosphorus values was statistically significant compared to basal only. In the successful group, the least decrease in iPTH and Ca values compared to basal was found in the short term and the highest decrease was found in the long term. In the unsuccessful group, the least and the highest decrease in Ca and phosphorus values compared to basal varied between the groups in both populations at different periods. When we used the Chi-square test based on predictive factors to predict success in several studies, the increase in patients with basal iPTH <200 pg/ml for pHPT increased the probability of success 0.36 times. For sHPT, the increase in the number of patients with basal iPTH ≥600 pg/ml increases the probability of failure 3.7 times; the increase in the number of patients with two or more lesions larger than 0.5 cm 3 increases the probability of failure by 0.5 times. ix There were no reports of serious complications requiring immediate intervention during and after the PEIT procedure or non-recyclable complications such as permanent hoarseness in either patient population. There was a statistically significant moderate positive correlation between complications and the amount of injected ethanol and the applied number of injections. Conclusion: The purpose of PEIT is to destroy the lesion functionally by providing chemical necrosis and subsequent volume reduction of the lesion with injected ethanol into the parathyroid glands. Although PEIT, has been approximately 35 years since the first application in patients with pHPT and sHPT, it is used as a minimally invasive interventional treatment method and remains current until today. Especially, although surgical treatment for pHPT is the most effective and gold standard treatment, PEIT offers an alternative option among minimally invasive interventional treatment methods in cases where parathyroidectomy cannot be performed in patients with surgical and anesthetic contraindications. At the same time, PEIT stands out as an alternative treatment option in in sHPT patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who do not respond to medical treatment and have surgical and anesthesia contraindications. In our study, the successful results we obtained in patients with pHPT and sHPT undergoing PEIT offer a promising experience for this treatment's short and long-term effectiveness. KEYWORDS: Ultrasound, parathyroid, percutaneous ethanol injection treatment, parathormone, calcium, phosphorus
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