Publication: Küçükbaş Hayvan Yetiştiriciliğinin Afganistan'daki Yapısal ve Ekonomik Durumunun Belirlenmesi
Abstract
Çalışma, küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin (KHY) Afganistan'daki yapısal ve ekonomik durumunu (YED) belirlemek ve yedi Afgan yerli koyun [(Afgan Arap (AR), Afgan Türki (AT), Baluchi (BA), Ghaljai (GH), Gadik (GA) Hazaragi (HA) ve Karakul (KA)] ırkından ergin erkekler ile dört yerli keçi [Asmari (AS), Paroni Copri (PC), Cheeli (CH) ve Watani (WA)] ırkından ergin yaştaki keçilerin (18 aylık) dişi çebiçlerinde canlı ağırlık (CA), cidago yüksekliği (CY), göğüs çevresi (GÇ) ve vücut uzunluğu (VU) değerlerinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. KHY işletmelerinin YED belirlemek için 34 yetiştirici ile yüz yüze anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Afganistan'ın yerli ırklarına ait yukarıda bahsedilen ölçümler, ülkedeki dokuz eyalete ait 44 ilçeden her bir koyun ırkından 25, toplamda 175 baş erkek ve keçi ırkından 22 toplamda 88 baş dişi hayvandan elde edilmiştir. Afganistan'da KHY büyük oranda %80.05 göçer yetiştiricilik sistemiyle yapıldığı ve çiftlik hayvanları içerisinde küçükbaş hayvan mevcudunun %73.56'lık bir paya sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiricisi çiftçilerin ortalama 48 (28-68) yaşlarında, %41.2'sinin okur yazar olduğu, işletme başı küçükbaş hayvan sayısının koyun için ortalama 364.4±40.58 (55-817) baş ve keçi için en ortalama 99±28 (0-793) baş hayvana sahip oldukları, işletme gelirini 5.3 kişinin paylaştığı, her işletmenin ortalama 11.29±2.90 dekar araziye sahip olduğu ve yıllık gelirlerinin ortalama 3458.98±378.02 (697$-9339$) ABD doları olduğu saptanmıştır. Afgan yerli koyunlarında ergin erkek CA, 35.4±0,49 ile 54,1±0.38 kg; CY 57.5±1.29 cm ile 86.6±0.55 cm; GÇ, 42.9±0.27 ile 110.9±1.16 cm ve VU 65.0±0.95 cm ile 88.3±0.32 cm arasında değiştiğiği; Afgan yerli keçi ırklarında ise yerli keçi ergin erkek CA, 29.2±0.30 ile 39.0±0,24 kg; CY, 55.5±0.63 cm ile 75.1±0.47 cm ve VU 64.7±0.76 cm ile 80.6±0.59 cm arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Ankete alınan işletme hayvanlarında doğum oranlarının (%65-%75) düşük, doğuran hayvanlardan yılda bir yavru alınabildiği, yavruların ekonomiye kazandırılana kadarki ölüm oranlarının yüksek (%20) olduğu saptanmıştır. Küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin Afgan ekonomisi ve aile gelirlerine katkısı hayvanların üreme etkinliklerinin artırılması ve doğan yavru kayıplarının azlatılması ile sağlanabileceği saptanmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Koyun, Keçi, Ekonomi, Üreme, Yerli ırklar, Üretim sistemi
The study aimed to determine the structural and economic situation of small ruminant breeding (SRB) in Afghanistan and to determine the structural and economic situation (SES) of seven Afghan domestic sheep [Afghan Arabian (AR), Afghan Turki (AT), Baluchi (BA), Ghaljai (GH), Gadik (GA), Hazaragi (HA) and Karakul (KA)] breeds and four domestic goats [Asmari (AS), Paroni Copri (PC), Cheeli (CH) and Watani (WA)] breeds of adult males age (18). It was aimed to determine the values of live weight (LW), wither height (WH), chest circumference (CC), and body length (BL) at 18 months of age. A face-to-face survey method was used with 34 breeders for determining SES in Afghanistan. The measurements mentioned above of domestic breeds were obtained from 44 districts of nine states in the country, 25 of each sheep breed, 175 heads, and 22 of the goat breeds, for a total of 88 heads. It has been determined that in Afghanistan, 80.05% of SRB is done with a nomadic farming system, and the share of small ruminants in farm animals is 73.56%. The average age of the small ruminant farmers is 45 (28-68) years old, 41.2% of them are literate, the average number of small ruminants per farm is 364.4±40.6 (55-817) heads for sheep, and 99.1±28.3 (10) heads for goats on average (0 -793) head of livestock, eight people shared the business income, each business had an average of 11.29±2.90 decares of land, and their annual income was found to be 3458.98±378.02 (697-9339) US dollars on average. Adult male LW in Afghan native sheep weighs between 35.4±0.49 and 54.1±0.38 kg; WH 57.5±1.29 cm to 86.6±0.55 cm; CW varies between 42.9±0.27 and 110.9±1.16 cm and BL varies between 65.0±0.95 cm and 88.3±0.32 cm; In Afghan native goat breeds, domestic goat adult male LW is between 29.2±0.30 and 39.0±0.24 kg; It was determined that WH ranged between 55.5±0.63 cm and 75.1±0.47 cm and VU ranged between 64.7±0.76 cm and 80.6±0.59 cm. It was determined that the birth rates of the farm animals surveyed were low (65%-75%), only one offspring could be obtained from the giving birth animals per year, and the death rates of the offspring until they were brought into the economy were high (20%). It has been determined that the contribution of small ruminant breeding to the Afghan economy and family income can be achieved by increasing the reproductive efficiency of animals and reducing the loss of offspring. Keywords: Sheep, Goat, Economy, Reproduction, Native breeds, Production system
The study aimed to determine the structural and economic situation of small ruminant breeding (SRB) in Afghanistan and to determine the structural and economic situation (SES) of seven Afghan domestic sheep [Afghan Arabian (AR), Afghan Turki (AT), Baluchi (BA), Ghaljai (GH), Gadik (GA), Hazaragi (HA) and Karakul (KA)] breeds and four domestic goats [Asmari (AS), Paroni Copri (PC), Cheeli (CH) and Watani (WA)] breeds of adult males age (18). It was aimed to determine the values of live weight (LW), wither height (WH), chest circumference (CC), and body length (BL) at 18 months of age. A face-to-face survey method was used with 34 breeders for determining SES in Afghanistan. The measurements mentioned above of domestic breeds were obtained from 44 districts of nine states in the country, 25 of each sheep breed, 175 heads, and 22 of the goat breeds, for a total of 88 heads. It has been determined that in Afghanistan, 80.05% of SRB is done with a nomadic farming system, and the share of small ruminants in farm animals is 73.56%. The average age of the small ruminant farmers is 45 (28-68) years old, 41.2% of them are literate, the average number of small ruminants per farm is 364.4±40.6 (55-817) heads for sheep, and 99.1±28.3 (10) heads for goats on average (0 -793) head of livestock, eight people shared the business income, each business had an average of 11.29±2.90 decares of land, and their annual income was found to be 3458.98±378.02 (697-9339) US dollars on average. Adult male LW in Afghan native sheep weighs between 35.4±0.49 and 54.1±0.38 kg; WH 57.5±1.29 cm to 86.6±0.55 cm; CW varies between 42.9±0.27 and 110.9±1.16 cm and BL varies between 65.0±0.95 cm and 88.3±0.32 cm; In Afghan native goat breeds, domestic goat adult male LW is between 29.2±0.30 and 39.0±0.24 kg; It was determined that WH ranged between 55.5±0.63 cm and 75.1±0.47 cm and VU ranged between 64.7±0.76 cm and 80.6±0.59 cm. It was determined that the birth rates of the farm animals surveyed were low (65%-75%), only one offspring could be obtained from the giving birth animals per year, and the death rates of the offspring until they were brought into the economy were high (20%). It has been determined that the contribution of small ruminant breeding to the Afghan economy and family income can be achieved by increasing the reproductive efficiency of animals and reducing the loss of offspring. Keywords: Sheep, Goat, Economy, Reproduction, Native breeds, Production system
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