Publication: Vitiligo Hastalarında Metabolik Sendrom Komponentleri ve Tnf-α, Il-6, Gdf-15, Ccl-7 Düzeyleri İle İlişkili Olarak Subklinik Ateroskleroz Varlığının Araştırılması
Abstract
Giriş ve Amaç: Vitiligo, tüm dünyada edinsel pigment kaybının en sık sebebi olan, otoimmün bir cilt hastalığıdır. Uzun yıllar boyunca, sadece kozmetik soruna yol açan bir hastalık olarak kabul görse de günümüzde birçok otoimmün ve inflamatuar hastalık ile ilişkili olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Metabolik sendrom ise tüm toplumlarda yaygınlığı giderek artan, uzun dönemde özellikle kardiyovasküler hastalıklar açısından önemli bir risk faktörü olan, morbiditesi yüksek bir endokrinopatidir. Metabolik sendrom gibi klasik risk faktörlerinin yanında, aterosklerotik kardiyovasküler hastalıkların oluşumunda kronik inflamasyon ve oksidatif stresin önemi son yıllarda daha iyi anlaşılmıştır. Metabolik sendromunun öneminin anlaşılması ve vitiligo ile altta yatan ortak patogenezlerin varlığı sebebiyle son dönemlerde vitiligo ve metabolik sendrom ilişkisini araştıran çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Fakat bu konuda sonuçlar çelişkili bulunmuş ve fikir birliği oluşmamıştır. Bu sebeple biz de kendi merkezimizde ek hastalığı olmayan vitiligo hastalarını metabolik sendrom kriterleri açısından taramayı, kardiyovasküler riski gösteren biyobelirteçler (TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15, CCL-7) açısından değerlendirmeyi ve sağlıklı kontroller ile karşılaştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 18-65 yaşları arasında, 43 vitiligo hastası ve 43 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edildi. Hasta ve kontrol grupları metabolik durumu ve sonuçları etkileyebilecek alkol, sigara, kronik hastalık ya da ilaç kullanımı olmayan gönüllülerden oluşturuldu. Vitiligo hastalarının detaylı anamnezleri alınarak muayeneleri yapıldı. Hastalık şiddeti VASI ve BSA skorlaması ile, hastalık aktivitesi ise VIDA skorlaması ile belirlendi. Hastalar, hastalık şiddetine göre; VASI≥5 ve VASI<5 olarak, hastalık aktivitesine göre ise; aktif ve stabil hastalık olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Tüm gönüllülerin kilo, boy, beden kitle indeksi, bel ve basen çevresi, kan basıncı ölçüldü. Tanita cihazı ile total vücut yağ oranı, vücut kas kütlesi ölçümleri yapıldı. Ayrıca tüm gönüllülerin serum lipit parametreleri (LDL, HDL, total kolesterol, trigliserit), açlık kan şekeri ve CRP düzeyleri ölçüldü. Buna ek olarak TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15, CCL-7 düzeyleri ELİSA yöntemi ile çalışıldı ve veriler kaydedildi. Bulgular: Hasta grubunun yaş ortalaması 39,88±11,12 yıl, kontrol grubunun ise 42,40±10,82 yıl idi. Hasta ve kontrol grubunun %51,2'si kadın, %48,8'i erkekti. Çalışmamızın sonucunda hasta ve kontrollerde yaş ve cinsiyet açısından fark yoktu (sıra ile p=0,292 ve p=1,00). Vitiligo hastalarının tamamı nonsegmental vitiligo hastalarından oluşmaktaydı. %51,2'si (n=22) generalize alt tip, %30,2'si (n=13) akrofasiyal tip, %18,6'sı (n=8) ise fokal alt tipteydi. Vitiligo hastalarının ortanca VASI skoru 3,0 (min:0,1-maks:23,4)'tü. Hastaların %51,1'inde aktif vitiligo vardı. Hastaların ortalama BSA skoru 4,4±4,7 olarak bulundu. Hasta ve kontrol grupları arasında sistolik kan basıncı hastalarda kontrollere göre daha yüksek bulundu (p<0,01). LDL, HDL, AKŞ, total kolesterol değerlerinde iki grup arasında anlamlı fark yoktu. TG düzeyleri ise kontrol grubunda hasta grubuna göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p<0,001). IDF kriterlerine göre hasta grubunun %34,8'ine (n=15) kontrol grubunun ise %30,2'sine (n=13) MetS tanısı koyuldu. Hastalar aynı zamanda NCEP-ATPIII kriterlerine göre değerlendirildi bu şekilde ise hasta grubunun %16,2'ine (n=7), kontrol grubunun %20,9'una (n=9) metabolik sendrom tanısı koyuldu. Her iki tanı kriteri açısından da metabolik sendrom sıklığı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı (p=0,645 ve p=0,579). Metabolik sendrom tanısı konulan hastaların vitiligo süresi anlamlı olarak daha fazlaydı (p=0,008). CRP değerleri için 3,2 mg/dl cut off değeri alındı. Hasta ve kontrol grupları arasında CRP değeri açısından fark bulunamadı (p=0,832). Hasta grubunda TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15 ve CCL-7 düzeylerinin tamamı kontrollere göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulundu (sıra ile p<0,001, p<0,001, p<0,001, p<0,028). Hem VASI ≥5 grubunda hem aktif hastalık grubunda kadın cinsiyet anlamlı olarak daha fazla bulundu (sıra ile p=0,045 ve p=0,034). VASI ≥5 grubunda açlık kan şekeri anlamlı olarak daha fazlaydı (p<0,001). GDF-15 ve CCL-7 düzeyleri ise hastalık aktivitesi ile ilişkili bulundu. Tartışma ve Sonuç: Biz çalışmamızda vitiligo ve sağlıklı kontroller arasında metabolik sendrom açısından anlamlı bir ilişkinin olmadığını bulduk. Fakat sistolik kan basıncı hasta grubunda kontrollere göre anlamlı derecede yüksekti. Ayrıca vitiligo hastalarında kardiyovasküler risk öngörmede değerli bulunan proinflamatuar biyomarkerların düzeyi kontrollere göre anlamlı olarak artmıştı ve bu da bize subklinik ateroskleroz riskinin vitiligoda daha fazla olabileceğini gösterdi. Artan bu riski kronik inflamatuar sürece bağladık. Metabolik sendrom saptanan hastalarda vitiligo hastalık süresinin daha uzun olması bu hipotezimizi doğrulamaktaydı. Sonuç olarak subklinik ateroskleroz riskini öngörmede tek başına metabolik sendrom kadar altta yatan kronik inflamatuar hastalıklar ve oksidatif stres gibi klasik olmayan risk faktörlerinin de dikkate alınması gerektiğini düşünüyoruz. Fakat vitiligo hastalarında kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerini belirlemek ve ileri tetkik yapılacak hastaların belirlenmesi için daha geniş çaplı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Introduction and Aim: Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disorder that is the most common cause of acquired pigment loss worldwide. For many years, vitiligo was considered to be a cosmetic disorder, but it has now been proven to be associated with many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Metabolic syndrome, on the other hand, is an endocrinopathy with high morbidity, which has an increasing prevalence in all populations and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the long term. In addition to classical risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, the importance of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases has been better understood in recent years. Due to the understanding of the importance of metabolic syndrome and the presence of common underlying pathogenesis with vitiligo, several studies have recently been conducted to investigate the relationship between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome. However, the results have been contradictory and no consensus has been reached. For this reason, we aimed to screen vitiligo patients without comorbidities in our center in terms of metabolic syndrome criteria, evaluate them in terms of biomarkers indicating cardiovascular risk (TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15, CCL-7) and compare them with healthy controls. Material and Method: Forty-three vitiligo patients and 43 healthy controls aged between 18 and 65 years were included in our study. The patient and control groups were composed of volunteers who were free of alcohol, smoking, chronic disease or drug use that may affect metabolic status and outcomes. Vitiligo patients were examined by taking detailed anamnesis. Disease severity was determined by VASI and BSA scoring and disease activity was determined by VIDA scoring. Patients were divided into two groups according to disease severity; VASI≥5 and VASI<5 and according to disease activity; active and stable disease. Weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumference and blood pressure were measured in all volunteers. Total body fat percentage and body muscle mass were measured with Tanita device. In addition, serum lipid parameters (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride), fasting blood glucose and CRP levels were measured in all volunteers. In addition, TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15, CCL-7 levels were measured by ELISA method and data were recorded. Results: The mean age of the patient group was 39.88±11.12 years and 42.40±10.82 years in the control group. The patient and control groups were 51.2% female and 48.8% male. As a result of our study, there was no difference in age and gender in patients and controls (p=0.292 and p=1.00, respectively). All vitiligo patients were non-segmental vitiligo patients. 51.2% (n=22) had generalized subtype, 30.2% (n=13) had acrofacial subtype and 18.6% (n=8) had focal subtype. The median VASI score of vitiligo patients was 3.0 (min:0,1-max:23,4). 51.1% of the patients had active vitiligo. The mean BSA score of the patients was 4.4±4.7. Between the patient and control groups, systolic blood pressure was higher in patients than in controls (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in LDL, HDL, FBG and total cholesterol levels between in the two groups. TG levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the patient group (p<0.001). According to IDF criteria, 34.8% (n=15) of the patient group and 30.2% (n=13) of the control group were diagnosed with MetS. Patients were also evaluated according to NCEP-ATPIII criteria, and 16.2% (n=7) of the patient group and 20.9% (n=9) of the control group were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of metabolic syndrome in terms of both diagnostic criteria (p=0.645 and p=0.579). The duration of vitiligo was significantly longer in patients with metabolic syndrome (p=0.008). The cut off value for CRP was 3.2 mg/dl. There was no difference in CRP values between the patient and control groups (p=0.832). TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15 and CCL-7 levels were all significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.028, respectively). Female gender was significantly higher in both the VASI ≥5 group and the active disease group (p=0.045 and p=0.034, respectively). Fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in the VASI ≥5 group (p<0.001). GDF-15 and CCL-7 levels were associated with disease activity. Discussion and Conclusion: In our study, we found no significant association between vitiligo and healthy controls in terms of metabolic syndrome, but systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in vitiligo patients compared to controls. In addition, the levels of proinflammatory biomarkers, which are valuable in predicting cardiovascular risk, were significantly increased in vitiligo patients compared to controls, indicating that the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis may be higher in vitiligo. We attributed this increased risk to the chronic inflammatory process. The longer duration of vitiligo disease in patients with metabolic syndrome confirmed this hypothesis. In conclusion, we think that non-classical risk factors such as underlying chronic inflammatory diseases and oxidative stress should be taken into account as well as metabolic syndrome alone in predicting the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, further studies are needed to determine cardiovascular risk factors in vitiligo patients and to identify patients for further investigation.
Introduction and Aim: Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disorder that is the most common cause of acquired pigment loss worldwide. For many years, vitiligo was considered to be a cosmetic disorder, but it has now been proven to be associated with many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Metabolic syndrome, on the other hand, is an endocrinopathy with high morbidity, which has an increasing prevalence in all populations and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the long term. In addition to classical risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, the importance of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases has been better understood in recent years. Due to the understanding of the importance of metabolic syndrome and the presence of common underlying pathogenesis with vitiligo, several studies have recently been conducted to investigate the relationship between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome. However, the results have been contradictory and no consensus has been reached. For this reason, we aimed to screen vitiligo patients without comorbidities in our center in terms of metabolic syndrome criteria, evaluate them in terms of biomarkers indicating cardiovascular risk (TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15, CCL-7) and compare them with healthy controls. Material and Method: Forty-three vitiligo patients and 43 healthy controls aged between 18 and 65 years were included in our study. The patient and control groups were composed of volunteers who were free of alcohol, smoking, chronic disease or drug use that may affect metabolic status and outcomes. Vitiligo patients were examined by taking detailed anamnesis. Disease severity was determined by VASI and BSA scoring and disease activity was determined by VIDA scoring. Patients were divided into two groups according to disease severity; VASI≥5 and VASI<5 and according to disease activity; active and stable disease. Weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumference and blood pressure were measured in all volunteers. Total body fat percentage and body muscle mass were measured with Tanita device. In addition, serum lipid parameters (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride), fasting blood glucose and CRP levels were measured in all volunteers. In addition, TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15, CCL-7 levels were measured by ELISA method and data were recorded. Results: The mean age of the patient group was 39.88±11.12 years and 42.40±10.82 years in the control group. The patient and control groups were 51.2% female and 48.8% male. As a result of our study, there was no difference in age and gender in patients and controls (p=0.292 and p=1.00, respectively). All vitiligo patients were non-segmental vitiligo patients. 51.2% (n=22) had generalized subtype, 30.2% (n=13) had acrofacial subtype and 18.6% (n=8) had focal subtype. The median VASI score of vitiligo patients was 3.0 (min:0,1-max:23,4). 51.1% of the patients had active vitiligo. The mean BSA score of the patients was 4.4±4.7. Between the patient and control groups, systolic blood pressure was higher in patients than in controls (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in LDL, HDL, FBG and total cholesterol levels between in the two groups. TG levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the patient group (p<0.001). According to IDF criteria, 34.8% (n=15) of the patient group and 30.2% (n=13) of the control group were diagnosed with MetS. Patients were also evaluated according to NCEP-ATPIII criteria, and 16.2% (n=7) of the patient group and 20.9% (n=9) of the control group were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of metabolic syndrome in terms of both diagnostic criteria (p=0.645 and p=0.579). The duration of vitiligo was significantly longer in patients with metabolic syndrome (p=0.008). The cut off value for CRP was 3.2 mg/dl. There was no difference in CRP values between the patient and control groups (p=0.832). TNF-α, IL-6, GDF-15 and CCL-7 levels were all significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.028, respectively). Female gender was significantly higher in both the VASI ≥5 group and the active disease group (p=0.045 and p=0.034, respectively). Fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in the VASI ≥5 group (p<0.001). GDF-15 and CCL-7 levels were associated with disease activity. Discussion and Conclusion: In our study, we found no significant association between vitiligo and healthy controls in terms of metabolic syndrome, but systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in vitiligo patients compared to controls. In addition, the levels of proinflammatory biomarkers, which are valuable in predicting cardiovascular risk, were significantly increased in vitiligo patients compared to controls, indicating that the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis may be higher in vitiligo. We attributed this increased risk to the chronic inflammatory process. The longer duration of vitiligo disease in patients with metabolic syndrome confirmed this hypothesis. In conclusion, we think that non-classical risk factors such as underlying chronic inflammatory diseases and oxidative stress should be taken into account as well as metabolic syndrome alone in predicting the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, further studies are needed to determine cardiovascular risk factors in vitiligo patients and to identify patients for further investigation.
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