Publication: Bell Paralizili Hastalarda Kulak Mr'da Kontrast Tutulum Değerlerinin İncelenmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Bell paralizisinde, fasiyal sinir segmentlerindeki kontrast tutulum değerlerinin manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) ile tespit edilmesi ve klinik süreç ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi, Kulak Burun Boğaz Hastalıkları ve Acil Tıp kliniğinde, Ocak 2016 – Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında, idiopatik fasiyal paralizi tanısı ile değerlendirilen kontrastlı kulak MR tetkiki çalışılmış 90 erişkin hasta ile fasiyal patolojisi olmayan 45 birey (kontrol grubu olarak) çalışmaya alındı. Hasta verileri retrospektif olarak incelendi ve kaydedildi. Manyetik rezonans (MRG) görüntüleri, digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) formatında, osirix MD bilgisayar programına aktarıldıktan sonra deneyimli radyolog ile paralizili taraf bilinmeden, fasiyal sinir trasesinde izlenebilen beş farklı lokalizasyonda bilateral ölçümler yapıldı. İAK (internal akustik kanal), labirentin segment, genikulat gangliyon, timpanik segment ve mastoid segmentte işaretleme yapıldıktan sonra ROI (region of interest) kullanılarak, programdan işaretlenen bölgenin kontrastlanma bilgisi, sinyal intensite değeri cinsinden otomatik olarak alındı. Konrol grubundaki 90 sağlıklı fasiyal sinirde de aynı şekilde ölçümler tamamlanarak, elde edilen sayısal değerler kaydedildi. Bu değerler, Bell paralizili hastaların etkilenen ve etkilenmeyen tarafları arasında ve etkilenmeyen tarafları ile kontrol grubundaki sağlıklı taraflar arasında karşılaştırıldı. Ayrıca hastalarda herhangi bir segmentteki artmış kontrast tutulum değerinin 3 ay içerisinde iyileşme, sekel kalma durumu ve hastalığın evresi gibi klinik parametreler ile ilişkisi analiz edildi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan hastaların 48'i erkek, 42'si kadın idi. Kontrol grubunda ise 24 erkek ve 21 kadınbulunmakta idi. Yaş ortanca değeri çalışma grubunda 33 (19-75), kontrol grubunda 33 (19-72) yıldı.Bell paralizili 47 hastada (%52,2) paralizi sağ tarafta iken, 43 hastada (%47,8) sol tarafta idi. 5 (%5,6) hastada sekel kaldığı görüldü. 23 hastada (%25,6) komplet, 67 hastada (%74,4) inkomplet paralizi gözlendi. Hastalık evresine bakıldığında sırasıile evre 3 (n=30; %33,3), evre 4 (n=21; %23,3), evre 2 (n=16; %17,8), evre 5 (n=16; %17,8) ve evre 6 (n=7; %7,8) gözlendi.3. ay sonunda 74 (%82,2) hastanın iyileştiği 16 (%17,8) hastanın ise iyileşme göstermediği saptandı. Sekelsiz iyileşen 85 hastada ortalama iyileşme süresi 7,04±3,61 hafta olarak bulundu. Tüm segmentlerde, hastaların etkilenen tarafının ROI intensite değeri ile normal tarafının ROI intensite değeri karşılaştırıldığında, etkilenen taraftaki ROI intensite değerinin normal tarafa göre anlamlı olarak yüksek olduğu görüldü (bağımlı örnekler t testi; p<0,001). ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analiziyle hastalardaki beş farklı segmentte kontrast ölçümlerinin, 3 aylık süre zarfında klinik düzelme veya düzelmeme üzerine etkisinin olmadığı, 3. aydaki iyileşmeyi tahmin edemediği sonucuna vardık (AUC<0,5, p>0,05). Benzer şekilde farklı segmentlerdeki kontrast tutulumlarının sekel kalıp kalmama durumunu tahmin edebilme gücünü araştırdığımızda, hastaların etkilenen tarafındaki fasiyal sinir trasesinin herhangi bir segmentinde artmış olduğunu gösterdiğimiz kontrast ölçümlerinin sekel kalıp kalmama durumu üzerine etkisi olmadığını tespit ettik (AUC<0,5, p>0,05). Hastaların fasiyal sinir trasesinde farklı segmentlerdeki intensite değerlerinin hastalığın evresine etkisi ordinal lojistik regresyon modeli kullanılarak incelendi (R2= 0,016). Herhangi bir segmentteki intensite değerlerinin grade üzerine anlamlı bir etkisi gösterilemedi. Tüm segmentlerde herhangi bir spesifik intensite değeri hastalığın evresini tahmin edememekteydi. Intensite değerlerine ait net bir kesim noktası söylemek mümkün değildi. Çalışma grubumuzdaki hastaların etkilenmeyen taraf yani normal kulakları (90) ile kontrol grubumuzdaki sağlıklı hastaların kulaklarını (90) beş segmentteki kontrast tutulumları açısından karşılaştırdık. Hastaların normal kulaklarına ait ROI-intensite değerleri ile kontrol grubuna ait ROI-intensite değerleri arasında, tüm segmentlerde anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (Mann Whitney U testi; p<0,001). Tüm segmentlerde ortanca ROI intensite tutulum değeri hastaların normal kulaklarında kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksektir. Sonuç: Bell paralizisinde MRG'nin bazı özel durumlar haricinde rutin olarak kullanılması tartışmalıdır. Ayırıcı tanı için ise sıklıkla başvurulabilen MRG, etkili bir yardımcı görüntüleme yöntemi olma özelliğini devam ettirmektedir. Bell paralizisinde hastaların en çok merak ettikleri, ne kadar sürede iyileşebilecekleri ve sekel kalıp kalmayacağı durumları olmuştur. Her ne kadar bu hastalıkta, sekelsiz ve 3 aydan önce tam iyileşme yüzdeleri yüksek olsa da MRG gibi yardımcı görüntüleme yöntemleri kullanarak bu süreci tahmin edebilmek, özellikle sekel gelişimini öngörerek ek tedavilere veya rehabilitasyona erken başlayabilmek adına değerli olabilirdi. Hastalarda etkilenen taraftaki fasiyal sinirin herhangi bir segmentindeki ortalama ROI – intensite değerinin, gerek başlangıç evresi ile gerek 3. aydaki iyileşme durumları ile gerekse de sekel kalıp kalmama durumları ile ilişkisi olmadığını gösterdik. Bu sonuçla biz de MRG'nin, fasiyal sinir trasesinde intensite değerlerini ölçtüğümüz Bell paralizili hastaların prognozunu tayin edemediğini tespit ettik. Kontrol grubumuzda her bir normal fasiyal sinirdeki 5 farklı segmentin ROI ile ölçülen sinyal intensite değerlerini, çalışma grubumuzdaki Bell paralizili hastaların etkilenmeyen taraflarındaki ölçümlerimiz ile kıyasladığımızda, fasiyal sinirin tüm segmentlerinde ortalama intensite değerlerinin, Bell paralizili hastalar lehine anlamlı ölçüde artmış olduğunu gösterdik. Bu hastalıkta daha önce aktive olduğu gösterilmiş immün sistem ve sitokinler, paralizi gibi klinik bulgu oluşturmasa da normal tarafta da sağlıklı insanlardakinden daha çok kontrastlanma gösterebilecek bir etki oluşturabilir. Bell paralizili hastada bir tarafta diğerine göre daha çok artmış kontrastlanma ve klinik olarak gözlemlediğimiz paralizi gelişmesine ise; bu sistemik immünolojik etki üzerine, viral etiyoloji veya başka bir sebeple etkilenen tarafta ilave lokal immün yanıt oluşması ve o tarafta etkilenmeyi artırması ya da lokal etkinin önce oluşup sistemik yanıtı aktive etmesi neden olmuş olabilir. Şimdiki bilgilerimizle, MRG'nin; Bell paralizisinde prognoz üzerine etkisi şüpheli olup, iyi bir öykü ve fizik muayene sonrası, ayırıcı tanıdaki veya hastanın kliniğindeki özel durumlar haricinde rutin kullanımı önerilmemektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bell Paralizisi, Sinyal Intensite Değeri, Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme, Fasiyal Sinir, Temporal MRI, Kontrast Tutulumu.
Objectives: In Bell's palsy, it is aimed to determine the contrast enhancement values in the facial nerve segments by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate its relationship with the clinical process. Materials and Methods: 90 adult patients with contrast-enhanced temporal MRI who were evaluated with the diagnosis of idiopathic facial paralysis and 45 individuals without facial pathology (as a control group) between January 2016 and December 2021 at Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Emergency Medicine were included in the study. Patient data were reviewed and recorded retrospectively. After the magnetic resonance (MRI) images were transferred to the osirix MD computer program in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format, bilateral measurements were made with an experienced radiologist in five different localizations that could be followed on the facial nerve trace, without knowing the paralyzed side. After marking in the IAK (internal acoustic channel), labyrinthine segment, geniculate ganglion, tympanic segment and mastoid segment, the contrasting information of the marked region was automatically obtained from the program in terms of signal intensity value by using ROI (region of interest). The measurements were completed in the same way in 90 healthy facial nerves in the control group, and the obtained quantitative values were recorded. These values were compared between the affected and unaffected sides of patients with Bell's palsy, and between the unaffected sides and healthy patients in the control group. In addition, the relationship of increased contrast uptake value in any segment of the patients with clinical parameters such as recovery within 3 months, sequelae and stage of the disease were analyzed. Results: Of the patients included in the study, 48 were male and 42 were female. There were 24 men and 21 women in the control group. The median age was 33 (19-75) years in the study group and 33 (19-72) years in the control group. Bell's palsy was on the right side in 47 patients (52.2%), and on the left side in 43 patients (47.8%). Sequelae were observed in 5 (5.6%) patients. Complete paralysis was observed in 23 patients (25.6%) and incomplete paralysis was observed in 67 patients (74.4%). Looking at the grade of the disease, grade 3(n=30; 33.3%), grade 4 (n=21; 23.3%), grade 2 (n=16; 17.8%), grade 5 (n=16; 17.8%) and grade 6 (n=7; 7.8%) were observed. At the end of the 3rd month, 74 (82.2%) patients recovered and 16 (17.8%) patients did not. Mean recovery time was found to be 7.04±3.61 weeks in 85 patients who recovered without sequelae. When the ROI intensity value of the affected side of the patients was compared with the ROI intensity value of the normal side in all segments, the ROI intensity value of the affected side was found to be significantly higher than the normal side (dependent samples t test; p<0.001). With ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis, we concluded that contrast measurements in five different segments in patients had no effect on clinical improvement or non-improvement over a 3-month period, and could not predict improvement at 3 months (AUC<0.5, p>0.05). Similarly, when we investigated the ability of contrast enhancement in different segments to predict whether there would be sequelae or not, we found that contrast measurements, which we showed increased in any segment of the facial nerve trace on the affected side of the patients, had no effect on sequelae or not (AUC<0.5, p>0.05). The effect of the intensity values in different segments of the facial nerve tracing of the patients on the stage of the disease was examined using the ordinal logistic regression model (R2 = 0.016). Intensity values in any segment could not show a significant effect on grade. Any specific intensity value in all segments could not predict the stage of the disease. It was not possible to say a clear cut-off point for the intensity values. We compared the unaffected side (90) ears of the patients in our study group with the ears of healthy patients (90) in our control group in terms of contrast enhancement in five segments. A significant difference was found between the ROI-intensity values of the normal ears of the patients and the ROI-intensity values of the control group in all segments (Mann Whitney U test; p<0.001). The median ROI intensity uptake value in all segments was higher in the normal ears of the patients than in the control group. Conclusion: The routine use of MRI in Bell's palsy is controversial, except in some special cases. MRI, which can be used frequently for differential diagnosis, continues to be an effective auxiliary imaging method. In Bell's palsy, patients were most curious about how long they could recover and whether there would be sequelae. Although the rate of complete recovery is high in this disease without sequelae and before 3 months, predicting this processusing assistive imaging methods such as MRI could be valuable in order to start additional treatments or rehabilitation early, especially by predicting the development of sequelae. We showed that the mean ROI-intensity value in any segment of the facial nerve on the affected side of the patients was not related to the initial stage, recovery status in the 3rd month, or whether there was any sequelae. With this result, we found that MRI could not determine the prognosis of patients with Bell's palsy, for whom we measured the intensity values in the facial nerve tracing. When we compared the signal intensity values measured by ROI of 5 different segments in each normal facial nerve in our control group with our measurements on the unaffected sides of patients with Bell's palsy in our study group, we showed that mean intensity values in all segments of the facial nerve were significantly increased in favor of patients with Bell's palsy. Although the immune system and cytokines, which have been shown to be activated in this disease before, do not cause clinical signs such as paralysis, they may cause an effect that may show more contrast in the normal side than in healthy people. In addition to the systemic immunological effect, the formation of an additional local immune response on the affected side due to viral etiology or another reason and increasing the effect on that side may have caused more increased contrast enhancement on one side of the patient with Bell's palsy than the other and the development of the paralysis we observed clinically. With our current knowledge, effect of MRI on the prognosis of Bell's palsy is doubtful, and its routine use is not recommended after a good history and physical examination, except in special cases in the differential diagnosis or in the patient's clinic. Key Words: Bell's Palsy, Signal Intensity Value, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Facial Nerve, Temporal MRI, Contrast Enhancement.
Objectives: In Bell's palsy, it is aimed to determine the contrast enhancement values in the facial nerve segments by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate its relationship with the clinical process. Materials and Methods: 90 adult patients with contrast-enhanced temporal MRI who were evaluated with the diagnosis of idiopathic facial paralysis and 45 individuals without facial pathology (as a control group) between January 2016 and December 2021 at Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Emergency Medicine were included in the study. Patient data were reviewed and recorded retrospectively. After the magnetic resonance (MRI) images were transferred to the osirix MD computer program in digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format, bilateral measurements were made with an experienced radiologist in five different localizations that could be followed on the facial nerve trace, without knowing the paralyzed side. After marking in the IAK (internal acoustic channel), labyrinthine segment, geniculate ganglion, tympanic segment and mastoid segment, the contrasting information of the marked region was automatically obtained from the program in terms of signal intensity value by using ROI (region of interest). The measurements were completed in the same way in 90 healthy facial nerves in the control group, and the obtained quantitative values were recorded. These values were compared between the affected and unaffected sides of patients with Bell's palsy, and between the unaffected sides and healthy patients in the control group. In addition, the relationship of increased contrast uptake value in any segment of the patients with clinical parameters such as recovery within 3 months, sequelae and stage of the disease were analyzed. Results: Of the patients included in the study, 48 were male and 42 were female. There were 24 men and 21 women in the control group. The median age was 33 (19-75) years in the study group and 33 (19-72) years in the control group. Bell's palsy was on the right side in 47 patients (52.2%), and on the left side in 43 patients (47.8%). Sequelae were observed in 5 (5.6%) patients. Complete paralysis was observed in 23 patients (25.6%) and incomplete paralysis was observed in 67 patients (74.4%). Looking at the grade of the disease, grade 3(n=30; 33.3%), grade 4 (n=21; 23.3%), grade 2 (n=16; 17.8%), grade 5 (n=16; 17.8%) and grade 6 (n=7; 7.8%) were observed. At the end of the 3rd month, 74 (82.2%) patients recovered and 16 (17.8%) patients did not. Mean recovery time was found to be 7.04±3.61 weeks in 85 patients who recovered without sequelae. When the ROI intensity value of the affected side of the patients was compared with the ROI intensity value of the normal side in all segments, the ROI intensity value of the affected side was found to be significantly higher than the normal side (dependent samples t test; p<0.001). With ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis, we concluded that contrast measurements in five different segments in patients had no effect on clinical improvement or non-improvement over a 3-month period, and could not predict improvement at 3 months (AUC<0.5, p>0.05). Similarly, when we investigated the ability of contrast enhancement in different segments to predict whether there would be sequelae or not, we found that contrast measurements, which we showed increased in any segment of the facial nerve trace on the affected side of the patients, had no effect on sequelae or not (AUC<0.5, p>0.05). The effect of the intensity values in different segments of the facial nerve tracing of the patients on the stage of the disease was examined using the ordinal logistic regression model (R2 = 0.016). Intensity values in any segment could not show a significant effect on grade. Any specific intensity value in all segments could not predict the stage of the disease. It was not possible to say a clear cut-off point for the intensity values. We compared the unaffected side (90) ears of the patients in our study group with the ears of healthy patients (90) in our control group in terms of contrast enhancement in five segments. A significant difference was found between the ROI-intensity values of the normal ears of the patients and the ROI-intensity values of the control group in all segments (Mann Whitney U test; p<0.001). The median ROI intensity uptake value in all segments was higher in the normal ears of the patients than in the control group. Conclusion: The routine use of MRI in Bell's palsy is controversial, except in some special cases. MRI, which can be used frequently for differential diagnosis, continues to be an effective auxiliary imaging method. In Bell's palsy, patients were most curious about how long they could recover and whether there would be sequelae. Although the rate of complete recovery is high in this disease without sequelae and before 3 months, predicting this processusing assistive imaging methods such as MRI could be valuable in order to start additional treatments or rehabilitation early, especially by predicting the development of sequelae. We showed that the mean ROI-intensity value in any segment of the facial nerve on the affected side of the patients was not related to the initial stage, recovery status in the 3rd month, or whether there was any sequelae. With this result, we found that MRI could not determine the prognosis of patients with Bell's palsy, for whom we measured the intensity values in the facial nerve tracing. When we compared the signal intensity values measured by ROI of 5 different segments in each normal facial nerve in our control group with our measurements on the unaffected sides of patients with Bell's palsy in our study group, we showed that mean intensity values in all segments of the facial nerve were significantly increased in favor of patients with Bell's palsy. Although the immune system and cytokines, which have been shown to be activated in this disease before, do not cause clinical signs such as paralysis, they may cause an effect that may show more contrast in the normal side than in healthy people. In addition to the systemic immunological effect, the formation of an additional local immune response on the affected side due to viral etiology or another reason and increasing the effect on that side may have caused more increased contrast enhancement on one side of the patient with Bell's palsy than the other and the development of the paralysis we observed clinically. With our current knowledge, effect of MRI on the prognosis of Bell's palsy is doubtful, and its routine use is not recommended after a good history and physical examination, except in special cases in the differential diagnosis or in the patient's clinic. Key Words: Bell's Palsy, Signal Intensity Value, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Facial Nerve, Temporal MRI, Contrast Enhancement.
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