Publication: Köpeklerde Arka Ekstremite Operasyonlarında Epidural Analjezik Olarak Fentanil-bupivakain ile Morfin-bupivakain Kombinasyonlarının Karşılaştırılması
Abstract
Ağrı yönetimi, son yıllarda veteriner hekimlik alanında önemini artırmaya başlamıştır. Beşeri hekimlikte uzun yıllardır kullanılan epidural anestezi/analjezi (EAA), henüz veteriner cerrahide ağrı yönetimi için istenilen yoğunlukta kullanılmamaktadır. Lokal anestezik ile opioid kombinasyonu şeklinde uygulanan EAA, kurallara uygun olarak yapıldığında özellikle postoperatif süreçte analjezi sağlama kabiliyetini önemli oranda ve güvenle artırmaktadır. Ortopedi operasyonlarının çoğunda orta-şiddetli düzeyde ağrı şekillenmektedir. Bu yüzden postoperatif ağrı yönetimi bu operasyonlarda da önemlidir. Birçok kombinasyon olmasına rağmen arka ekstremite ortopedisinde iki farklı opioid olan morfin ve fentanilin karşılaştırılması yapılmamıştır. Sunulan tez çalışmasında köpeklerde arka ekstremite kırıkları için yapılan ameliyatlarda epidural bupivakainin (BP) morfin (BP+M) ve fentanil (BP+F) ile kombinasyonları ile sağlanan analjezi/anestezi etkisinin; serum kortizolü, arteriyel kan gazları, intra-operatif monitörizasyon, Melbourne Üniversitesi Ağrı Skalası (UMPS) ve Görsel Analog Skala (VAS) dereceleri ile yan etki/komplikasyon kriterleri düzeylerinde araştırılması amaçlandı. Değişik ırk, yaş ve cinsiyetteki toplam 21 köpek üç eşit gruba ayrıldı. Grup BP'ye sadece bupivakain 1mg/kg dozda, epidural olarak uygulandı. Diğer iki gruba BP aynı şekilde verildi. Grup BP+M'de BP ye ek olarak 0,1 mg/kg dozda morfin ilave edildi. Grup BP+F grubunda ise BP'ye ek olarak 0,0005 mg/kg dozda fentanil dahil edildi. Yaptığımız EAA uygulamalarının intra/postoperartif serum kortizol düzeylerini baskıladığı belirlendi. Arteriyel kan gazlarında ise pH, pCO2 düzeyi ve HCO3- düzeylerinin önemli oranda etkilenmediği belirlendi. Monitörizasyon bulgularımızda ise nabız, solunum (45. dk hariç, p=0,038) ve intraoperatif süreçte gruplar arasında istatistiksel bir fark belirlenemedi. Beden ısısı ölçümlerinde EAA uygulamalarımızın intraoperatif 75. ve 90. dk'ya kadar fark yaratmadığı belirlendi. UMPS ve VAS değerlerimizin birbirleriyle paralel seyrettiği postoperatif 8. ve 12. saatlerde fark belirlendi (p=0,017 ve p=0,012). End-tidal CO2 ve SpO2 düzeylerinin gruplar arasında fark etmediği belirlendi. Tüm verilerimiz birlikte değerlendirildiğinde; opioid ile kombine edilen grupların analjezi/anestezi etkisi daha yüksektir; BP'nin hem morfin hem de fentanil kombinasyonları EAA sağlamada güvenlidir sonucuna vardık. Morfin ve fentanili karşılaştırdığımızda ise her ne kadar istatistiksel olarak gösterilmemiş olsa da sayısal sonuçlar dikkate alındığında fentanil uygulamasının morfine göre tercih edilebileceğini düşünmekteyiz.
Pain management has become increasingly important in veterinary medicine in recent years. Epidural anesthesia-analgesia (EAA), which has been used in human medicine for many years, is not yet used to the desired extent for pain management in veterinary surgery. EAA, which is applied as a combination of local anesthetic and opioids, significantly and safely increases the ability to provide analgesia, especially in the postoperative period, when performed in accordance with the rules. Most orthopaedic operations cause moderate to severe pain. Therefore, postoperative pain management is also important in these operations. Although there are many combinations, there has been no comparison of two different opioids, morphine and fentanyl, in hindlimb orthopaedics. The aim of this thesis was to compare the analgesia/anesthesia effect of epidural bupivacaine (BP) in combination with morphine (BP+M) and fentanyl (BP+F) on serum cortisol, arterial blood gases, intra-operative monitoring, University Melbourne Pain Skala (UMPS) and Visiual Analog Skala (VAS) levels and side effect/complication criteria in operations performed for hind limb fractures in dogs. A total of 21 dogs of different breeds, ages and genders were divided into three equal groups. In group BP, only bupivacaine was administered epidurally at a dose of 1mg/kg. The other two groups received BP in the same way. In group BP+M, morphine was added to BP at a dose of 0,1 mg/kg. In group BP+F, fentanyl at a dose of 0.0005 mg/kg was added to BP. It was determined that EAA administration suppressed intra/postoperative serum cortisol levels. In arterial blood gases, pH, pCO2 and HCO3- levels were not significantly affected. In our monitoring findings, there was no statistical difference between the groups in pulse rate, respiration (except 45 min, p=0,038) and intraoperative process. In body temperature measurements, it was determined that our EAA applications had no difference until the 75th and 90th min intraoperatively. UMPS and VAS values were parallel to each other, but there was a difference at postoperative 8th and 12th hours (p=0.017 and p=0.012). End-tidal CO2 and SpO2 levels did not differ between the groups. When all our data were evaluated together, we concluded that the analgesia/anaesthesia effect of the groups combined with opioid is higher; both morphine and fentanyl combinations of BP are safe in providing EAA. When we compared morphine and fentanyl, we think that fentanyl administration may be preferred over morphine when the numerical results are taken into consideration, although it has not been shown statistically.
Pain management has become increasingly important in veterinary medicine in recent years. Epidural anesthesia-analgesia (EAA), which has been used in human medicine for many years, is not yet used to the desired extent for pain management in veterinary surgery. EAA, which is applied as a combination of local anesthetic and opioids, significantly and safely increases the ability to provide analgesia, especially in the postoperative period, when performed in accordance with the rules. Most orthopaedic operations cause moderate to severe pain. Therefore, postoperative pain management is also important in these operations. Although there are many combinations, there has been no comparison of two different opioids, morphine and fentanyl, in hindlimb orthopaedics. The aim of this thesis was to compare the analgesia/anesthesia effect of epidural bupivacaine (BP) in combination with morphine (BP+M) and fentanyl (BP+F) on serum cortisol, arterial blood gases, intra-operative monitoring, University Melbourne Pain Skala (UMPS) and Visiual Analog Skala (VAS) levels and side effect/complication criteria in operations performed for hind limb fractures in dogs. A total of 21 dogs of different breeds, ages and genders were divided into three equal groups. In group BP, only bupivacaine was administered epidurally at a dose of 1mg/kg. The other two groups received BP in the same way. In group BP+M, morphine was added to BP at a dose of 0,1 mg/kg. In group BP+F, fentanyl at a dose of 0.0005 mg/kg was added to BP. It was determined that EAA administration suppressed intra/postoperative serum cortisol levels. In arterial blood gases, pH, pCO2 and HCO3- levels were not significantly affected. In our monitoring findings, there was no statistical difference between the groups in pulse rate, respiration (except 45 min, p=0,038) and intraoperative process. In body temperature measurements, it was determined that our EAA applications had no difference until the 75th and 90th min intraoperatively. UMPS and VAS values were parallel to each other, but there was a difference at postoperative 8th and 12th hours (p=0.017 and p=0.012). End-tidal CO2 and SpO2 levels did not differ between the groups. When all our data were evaluated together, we concluded that the analgesia/anaesthesia effect of the groups combined with opioid is higher; both morphine and fentanyl combinations of BP are safe in providing EAA. When we compared morphine and fentanyl, we think that fentanyl administration may be preferred over morphine when the numerical results are taken into consideration, although it has not been shown statistically.
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