Publication: Covid-19 Pnömonisi Geçiren Hastaların 12. Ay ve 18-24 Ay Sonraki Akciğer Bulgularının Bilgisayarlı Tomografi İle Değerlendirilmesi.
Abstract
Aralık 2019 tarihinde, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin Hubei eyaletinin Wuhan kentinde ortaya çıkan, insanları enfekte edebilen, yeni bir yarasa kökenli koronavirüs tespit edildi [1]. Bu virüsün neden olduğu hastalık Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından resmen 'Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)' olarak adlandırıldı ve 11 Mart 2020'de pandemi ilan edildi [2]. Koronavirüsler insan ve hayvanda solunum yollarını tutarak hastalık yapan virüslerdir. COVID-19 için insandan insana bulaş majör bulaşma yolu olarak kabul edilmektedir [3]. COVID-19 enfeksiyonu klinik belirtileri giderek değişen sistemik bir hastalıktır [4]. Akciğer en çok etkilenen organdır. Semptomlar, hafif üst solunum yolu bulgularından şiddetli akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromuna kadar çeşitlidir. Uzun süreli COVID, potansiyel olarak herhangi bir organı etkileyen klinik bir sendrom olsa da, pnömoni yaparak fibrozise dönüşmesi nedeniyle kalıcı organ hasarıyla akciğere özellikle dikkat çekilmektedir [5][6]. COVİD-19 pnömonisi geçiren hastalarda ilk dönemde akciğerdeki sekellerin yayılım derecesi ile akut dönem akciğer tutulumunun şiddeti arasında korelasyon belirtilmekte olup, geniş yayılım gösteren sekel bantlar hayatın sonraki aşamalarında akciğerin fonksiyonel kapasitesini etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, prognozu ve sağkalımı iyileştirmek için, COVID-19'dan sağ kurtulanlarda sekelleri değerlendirecek uzun vadeli takip çalışmalarına ihtiyaç vardır. Toraks BT pnömoninin tanı, takip ve evrelemesinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Çalışmamızda COVID-19 pnömonisi geçiren hastalarda ortalama 12.ay ve 18-24 ay sonrası akciğer BT bulguları ile COVID-19 pnömonisi geçirenlerde primer akciğer veya akciğer dışı sistemik hastalık olması durumdaki ortalama 12. ay ve 18-24 ay sonrası akciğer BT bulguları araştırıldı. 1 Mart 2020 – 31 Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında hastanemize başvuran, RT-PCR testi ile kanıtlanmış, tanı anındaki ilk akciğer tomografisinde COVID-19 pnömonisi ile uyumlu tutulumu olan ve ortalama 12.ay ve 18-24 ay sonraki dönemde çeşitli nedenlerle (hastalık izlem, nodül takibi, diğer nedenler) tekrar akciğer tomografisi çektiren hastaların arşiv görüntüleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Asıl çalışma grubunu oluşturan hasta sayısı ortalama 12. ay sonrası grupta 208 hasta, ortalama 18-24 ay sonrası kontrol grupta ise 169 hasta idi. Hastaların ilk tanı anındaki COVID-19 pnömonisinde Xun Ding ve arkadaşlarınca uygulanan toraks BT şiddet skoru belirlendi. BT şiddet skorlaması ilk tanı anındaki COVID-19 pnömonisi ile uyumlu lezyonların tutulum yaygınlığına göre her bir akciğer lobuna 0-5 aralığında (0 puan infiltrasyon yok; 1 puan <%5 infiltrasyon; 2 puan %5-25 infiltrasyon; 3 puan %25-50 infiltrasyon; 4 puan %50-75 infiltrasyon; 5 puan %75< infiltrasyon) puan verilerek 0-25 arasında puanlandı [7]. Sonra hastaların yaş, cinsiyet, eşlik eden akciğer hastalıkları, sigara kullanımı, diabetes mellitus, kardiovaskuler hastalık, akciğer kanseri, akciğeri etkileyecek sistemik kronik hastalık ve başka malignite olması durumunda ilk tanı anındaki COVID-19 pnömonisi BT şiddet skoru ve ortalama 12. ay ve 18-24 ay sonrası akciğer bulgular ile tam iyileşme durumu arasındaki ilişki istatistiksel olarak araştırıldı. Akut COVID-19 pnömonisi atağından ortalama 12. ay ve 18-24 ay sonra gelişen değişiklikler tam iyileşme, nonfibrotik (buzlu cam, konsolidasyon, nodül-kitle,bant, retikülasyon) ve fibrotik sekel değişiklikler (traksiyon bronşektazi, bronşiolektazi, bal peteği) olarak gruplanarak değerlendirildi. Değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre ortalama 12. ay kontrol toraks BT'de yüksek skorlu COVID-19 pnömonisi geçirenlerin %69,2'sinde, diyabet hastalarının %60,7'sinde, hipertansiyon ve/veya kalp damar hastalığı olanların %55,8'inde, diyabeti ve hipertansyonu olan hastaların %72,4'ünde, 50 yaş üstü bireylerin %52,4'ünde olmak üzere COVID-19 pnömonisi sonrası nonfibrotik ve fibrotik değişiklikler daha yüksek oranda görüldü. Ortalama 18-24 ay sonrası BT kontrollerde de yüksek skorlu COVID-19 pnömonisi geçirenlerin %70,8'inde , diyabet hastalarının %63,6'sında, hipertansiyon ve kalp damar hastalığı olanların %58'inde, diyabeti ve hipertansyonu olan hastaların %81,8'inde, 50 yaş üstü bireylerin %54,5'inde olmak üzere COVID-19 pnömonisi sonrası nonfibrotik ve fibrotik değişiklikler daha yüksek oranda görüldü. Bu nedenle ilk tanı anında yüksek BT skorlu COVID-19 pnömonisi geçirenlerin, COVID-19 pnömonisi geçirmiş diyabet hastalarının, hipertansiyon ve/veya kalp damar hastalığı olanların, diyabeti ve aynı zamanda hipertansyonu olan hastaların ve 50 yaş üstü bireylerin daha uzun klinik ve radyolojik takip programlarına alınmasını öneriyoruz. Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, Post-COVID akciğer değişiklikleri, Bilgisayarlı tomografi.
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus originating from bats and capable of infecting humans was identified in the city of Wuhan in Hubei province, People's Republic of China [1]. The disease caused by this virus was officially named 'Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)' by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2]. Coronaviruses are viruses that affect the respiratory system in both humans and animals. Human-to-human transmission is recognized as the major mode of transmission for COVID-19 [3]. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection constitute a systemic disease with evolving symptoms [4]. The lungs are the most commonly affected organs, with symptoms ranging from mild upper respiratory tract signs to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. While long-term COVID affects various organs potentially, the attention is particularly drawn to lung damage, especially due to pneumonia leading to fibrosis [5][6]. There is a correlation between the extent of residual lesions in the lungs during the early period of COVID-19 pneumonia and the severity of acute lung involvement. Extensive residual bands can impact the lung's functional capacity in later stages of life. Therefore, long-term follow-up studies assessing sequelae in individuals who have survived COVID-19 are needed to improve prognosis and survival. Chest CT plays a significant role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and staging of pneumonia. Our study investigated lung CT findings at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months after COVID-19 pneumonia in patients who had recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia and those who had primary lung or extrapulmonary systemic disease at the time of diagnosis. Archived images of patients who presented to our hospital between March 1, 2020, and December 31, 2022, with proven COVID-19 pneumonia based on RT-PCR testing and compatible lung involvement on the initial lung CT scan, and who underwent repeat lung CT scans for various reasons (disease follow-up, nodule tracking, and other reasons) at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months, were retrospectively evaluated. The main study group consisted of 208 patients in the post-12-month group and 169 patients in the post-18-24-month control group. The severity score of COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis was determined using the chest CT severity score applied by Xun Ding and colleagues. The CT severity score was assigned on a scale of 0-5 for each lung lobe based on the extent of involvement of lesions compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis (0 points: no infiltration; 1 point: <5% infiltration; 2 points: 5-25% infiltration; 3 points: 25-50% infiltration; 4 points: 50-75% infiltration; 5 points: >75% infiltration) and scored between 0-25 [7]. Subsequently, the statistical relationship between the CT severity score of COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis and the lung findings at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months after COVID-19 pneumonia, as well as complete recovery status, was investigated, taking into account the patients' age, gender, concomitant lung diseases, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and the presence of other systemic chronic diseases affecting the lungs. Changes occurring at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months after the acute COVID-19 pneumonia attack were categorized as complete recovery, non-fibrotic changes (ground-glass opacities, consolidation, nodules/masses, bands, reticulation), and fibrotic sequel changes (traction bronchiectasis, bronchiolectasis, honeycombing). According to the evaluation results, high-score COVID-19 pneumonia was observed in 69.2% of patients at the average 12-month follow-up CT, 60.7% in diabetic patients, 55.8% in patients with hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease, 72.4% in patients with both diabetes and hypertension, and 52.4% in individuals over 50 years of age, indicating a higher rate of non-fibrotic and fibrotic changes after COVID-19 pneumonia. At the average 18-24-month follow-up CT, high-score COVID-19 pneumonia was observed in 70.8% of patients, 63.6% in diabetic patients, 58% in patients with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, 81.8% in patients with both diabetes and hypertension, and 54.5% in individuals over 50 years of age, again indicating a higher rate of non-fibrotic and fibrotic changes after COVID-19 pneumonia. Therefore, we recommend longer clinical and radiological follow-up programs for individuals with high CT scores of COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis, those with diabetes who have experienced COVID-19 pneumonia, those with hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease, those with both diabetes and hypertension, and individuals over 50 years of age. Keywords: COVID-19, Post-COVID lung changes, Computed tomography.
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus originating from bats and capable of infecting humans was identified in the city of Wuhan in Hubei province, People's Republic of China [1]. The disease caused by this virus was officially named 'Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)' by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2]. Coronaviruses are viruses that affect the respiratory system in both humans and animals. Human-to-human transmission is recognized as the major mode of transmission for COVID-19 [3]. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection constitute a systemic disease with evolving symptoms [4]. The lungs are the most commonly affected organs, with symptoms ranging from mild upper respiratory tract signs to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. While long-term COVID affects various organs potentially, the attention is particularly drawn to lung damage, especially due to pneumonia leading to fibrosis [5][6]. There is a correlation between the extent of residual lesions in the lungs during the early period of COVID-19 pneumonia and the severity of acute lung involvement. Extensive residual bands can impact the lung's functional capacity in later stages of life. Therefore, long-term follow-up studies assessing sequelae in individuals who have survived COVID-19 are needed to improve prognosis and survival. Chest CT plays a significant role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and staging of pneumonia. Our study investigated lung CT findings at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months after COVID-19 pneumonia in patients who had recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia and those who had primary lung or extrapulmonary systemic disease at the time of diagnosis. Archived images of patients who presented to our hospital between March 1, 2020, and December 31, 2022, with proven COVID-19 pneumonia based on RT-PCR testing and compatible lung involvement on the initial lung CT scan, and who underwent repeat lung CT scans for various reasons (disease follow-up, nodule tracking, and other reasons) at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months, were retrospectively evaluated. The main study group consisted of 208 patients in the post-12-month group and 169 patients in the post-18-24-month control group. The severity score of COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis was determined using the chest CT severity score applied by Xun Ding and colleagues. The CT severity score was assigned on a scale of 0-5 for each lung lobe based on the extent of involvement of lesions compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis (0 points: no infiltration; 1 point: <5% infiltration; 2 points: 5-25% infiltration; 3 points: 25-50% infiltration; 4 points: 50-75% infiltration; 5 points: >75% infiltration) and scored between 0-25 [7]. Subsequently, the statistical relationship between the CT severity score of COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis and the lung findings at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months after COVID-19 pneumonia, as well as complete recovery status, was investigated, taking into account the patients' age, gender, concomitant lung diseases, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and the presence of other systemic chronic diseases affecting the lungs. Changes occurring at an average of 12 months and 18-24 months after the acute COVID-19 pneumonia attack were categorized as complete recovery, non-fibrotic changes (ground-glass opacities, consolidation, nodules/masses, bands, reticulation), and fibrotic sequel changes (traction bronchiectasis, bronchiolectasis, honeycombing). According to the evaluation results, high-score COVID-19 pneumonia was observed in 69.2% of patients at the average 12-month follow-up CT, 60.7% in diabetic patients, 55.8% in patients with hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease, 72.4% in patients with both diabetes and hypertension, and 52.4% in individuals over 50 years of age, indicating a higher rate of non-fibrotic and fibrotic changes after COVID-19 pneumonia. At the average 18-24-month follow-up CT, high-score COVID-19 pneumonia was observed in 70.8% of patients, 63.6% in diabetic patients, 58% in patients with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, 81.8% in patients with both diabetes and hypertension, and 54.5% in individuals over 50 years of age, again indicating a higher rate of non-fibrotic and fibrotic changes after COVID-19 pneumonia. Therefore, we recommend longer clinical and radiological follow-up programs for individuals with high CT scores of COVID-19 pneumonia at the time of initial diagnosis, those with diabetes who have experienced COVID-19 pneumonia, those with hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease, those with both diabetes and hypertension, and individuals over 50 years of age. Keywords: COVID-19, Post-COVID lung changes, Computed tomography.
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