Publication: Ermeni Kaynaklarına Göre Xıı.-Xııı. Yüzyıllarda Güney Kafkasya'da Kıpçaklar
Abstract
Kıpçaklar, Türk toplulukları içerisinde sarışın, beyaz tenli ve mavi gözlü antropolojik özelliklere sahip tek kavimken, onlarla etkileşime girmiş olan farklı toplulukların onları tarif etmek için kendi dillerinde kullandıkları ifadeler onların antropolojik özelliklerine istinaden ortaya çıkmış ve sarışın anlamına gelmektedir. Kıpçaklar farklı nedenlerle ayrıldıkları anavatanları Türkistan'dan batıya doğru yayılarak Karadeniz'in kuzeyindeki bozkırlara kadar gelmişler, uzun yıllar hakimiyet telakki ettikleri bu bozkırlara kendi adlarını vererek, Deşt-i Kıpçak olarak anılmasını sağlamışlardır. Ancak XII. yüzyılın başlarına gelindiğinde, başbuğları önderliğinde boylar halinde yaşayan Kıpçakların Don-Kuban kolu, kendilerinden sayıca üstün durumda olan Ruslar karşısında sıkıştırılarak yurtlarından sürülmüş, yeni yurt arayışına girmişlerdir. Kıpçakların Güney Kafkasya'ya gelişleri, Selçuklu akınlarına karşı duramayan Gürcülerin onlardan yardım istemesiyle olmuştur. Gürcü Kralı IV. David'in (1089-1125), döneminin önemli güçlerinden olan Selçukluların Güney Kafkasya topraklarına yaptıkları akınları dolayısıyla kayınpederi Kıpçak Başbuğu Atrak'tan yardım istemişti. Kıpçaklar da onun davetine uyarak Gürcistan'a göç etmişler ve Gürcü Krallığı'nı tekrar bağımsızlığına kavuşturmuşlardır. Kıpçaklar, Gürcistan'da bulundukları sırada askeri ve siyasi alanda önemli mevkilere kadar yükselmişler, zaman zaman da Gürcülerle karşı karşıya gelmişlerdir. Kraliçe Tamara döneminin ardından ülkedeki etkinlikleri azalmaya başlayan Kıpçaklar, zamanla Hristiyanlaşarak Ortodoks Gürcüler içerisinde asimile olurken, bir kısmı ise Ermeniler ile komşu olarak yaşamış ve Hristiyanlığın Gregoryenlik mezhebine girmişlerdir. Moğol istilası sırasında yürüttükleri politikalar ile bölge tarihinin gidişatına etki eden Kıpçaklar, Ahıska bölgesinde bir atabeklik kurmuşlardır. XVI. yüzyıla kadar bölgede varlığını sürdüren bu atabeklik pek çok önemli faaliyet gerçekleştirmiştir. Ortaçağ tarihinin aydınlatılmasında, önemli bir yere sahip olan Ermeni kaynakları, çalışmamızın konusu itibariyle Güney Kafkasya bölgesinde yapılan Türk tarihinin aydınlatılmasında da farklı bir öneme sahiptir. Çalışmamızda, XII.-XIII. yüzyıllar içerisinde Güney Kafkasya'da yaşanan bahsini geçirdiğimiz Kıpçak faaliyetlerini ayrıntılı bir şekilde Ermeni kaynaklarının ışığında aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.
The Kipchaks, being the only tribe among the Turkic communities to possess anthropological characteristics such as blond hair, fair skin, and blue eyes, were described by various other groups with whom they came into contact through expressions in their own languages which, based on these anthropological features, conveyed the meaning of 'blond.' For various reasons, the Kipchaks left their ancestral homeland of Turkistan and expanded westward, reaching the steppes north of the Black Sea. Having maintained dominance over these steppes for many years, they gave their own name to the region, which thus came to be known as Deşt-i Kıpçak (Steppe of the Kipchaks). By the early twelfth century, the Don–Kuban branch of the Kipchaks, who lived in tribal units under the leadership of their chieftains, found themselves pressed by the numerically superior Rus' and were driven from their homeland, prompting a search for new territories. The Kipchaks' arrival in the South Caucasus took place when the Georgians, unable to withstand the Seljuk incursions, sought their assistance. King David IV of Georgia (1089–1125), during whose reign the Seljuks were among the most significant powers conducting raids into the South Caucasus, requested help from his father-in-law, the Kipchak chieftain Atrak. Responding to his invitation, the Kipchaks migrated to Georgia and restored the independence of the Georgian Kingdom. During their time in Georgia, the Kipchaks rose to significant positions in both military and political spheres, though at times they also came into conflict with the Georgians. After the reign of Queen Tamar, the influence of the Kipchaks in the country began to decline. Over time, some converted to Christianity and assimilated into the Orthodox Georgian population, while others lived in proximity to the Armenians and adopted the Gregorian denomination of Christianity. During the Mongol invasions, the Kipchaks pursued policies that influenced the course of regional history, establishing an atabegate in the Akhaltsikhe region. This atabegate, which lasted until the sixteenth century, carried out numerous important activities. Armenian sources, which hold a significant place in the illumination of medieval history, also have a particular importance for clarifying the history of the Turks in the South Caucasus in the context of our study. Accordingly, this research seeks to shed light in detail, through Armenian sources, on the Kipchak activities that took place in the South Caucasus during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
The Kipchaks, being the only tribe among the Turkic communities to possess anthropological characteristics such as blond hair, fair skin, and blue eyes, were described by various other groups with whom they came into contact through expressions in their own languages which, based on these anthropological features, conveyed the meaning of 'blond.' For various reasons, the Kipchaks left their ancestral homeland of Turkistan and expanded westward, reaching the steppes north of the Black Sea. Having maintained dominance over these steppes for many years, they gave their own name to the region, which thus came to be known as Deşt-i Kıpçak (Steppe of the Kipchaks). By the early twelfth century, the Don–Kuban branch of the Kipchaks, who lived in tribal units under the leadership of their chieftains, found themselves pressed by the numerically superior Rus' and were driven from their homeland, prompting a search for new territories. The Kipchaks' arrival in the South Caucasus took place when the Georgians, unable to withstand the Seljuk incursions, sought their assistance. King David IV of Georgia (1089–1125), during whose reign the Seljuks were among the most significant powers conducting raids into the South Caucasus, requested help from his father-in-law, the Kipchak chieftain Atrak. Responding to his invitation, the Kipchaks migrated to Georgia and restored the independence of the Georgian Kingdom. During their time in Georgia, the Kipchaks rose to significant positions in both military and political spheres, though at times they also came into conflict with the Georgians. After the reign of Queen Tamar, the influence of the Kipchaks in the country began to decline. Over time, some converted to Christianity and assimilated into the Orthodox Georgian population, while others lived in proximity to the Armenians and adopted the Gregorian denomination of Christianity. During the Mongol invasions, the Kipchaks pursued policies that influenced the course of regional history, establishing an atabegate in the Akhaltsikhe region. This atabegate, which lasted until the sixteenth century, carried out numerous important activities. Armenian sources, which hold a significant place in the illumination of medieval history, also have a particular importance for clarifying the history of the Turks in the South Caucasus in the context of our study. Accordingly, this research seeks to shed light in detail, through Armenian sources, on the Kipchak activities that took place in the South Caucasus during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
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