Publication: İnsanlar ve Hayvanlar Üzerinde Gerçekleştirilen Tıbbi Deney ve Denemelerin Hukuki Boyutu
Abstract
Tıbbi deney ve denemelerin yapılması tıp biliminin gelişebilmesi için zorunlu olup, tarih boyunca insanlar ve hayvanlar üzerinde gerçekleştirilen tıbbi deney ve denemeler sonucu tıp bilimi günümüzdeki seviyesine gelmiştir. Temel insan haklarından birisi olan sağlık hakkı, bireyin en yüksek sağlık standardına erişmesini de kapsamakta olduğu için, bireylerin haklarının korunabilmesi için hukuka ve etiğe uygun tıbbi deney ve denemelerin yapılması ve tıp biliminin ilerlemesi gereklidir. Tıbbi deney ve denemelerin hem insanlar hem de hayvanlar bakımından hangi ölçüde hukuka uygun kabul edilmesi gerektiği pek çok kez tartışma konusu olmaktadır. İşbu çalışmada bu soruya cevap aranmıştır. Çalışmada tıp biliminin gelişimi açısından deney ve denemelerin rolü ve 'tıbbi deney', 'tıbbi deneme' ve 'klinik araştırma' gibi kavramlar irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca çok bilinen tıbbi deney ve denemelerden bazılarına yer verilerek bu deneylerin hukuka uygunluğu irdelenmiştir. Tıbbi deney ve denemeler birer tıbbi müdahale olduğundan, tıbbi müdahaleler bakımından doktrinde öne sürülen hukuka uygunluk şartları tıbbi deney ve denemeler bakımından da geçerli olacaktır. Çalışmada tıbbi deney ve denemelerin hukuka uygunluğunu sağlayan koşullar tartışılmıştır. Tarihte tıbbi deney ve denemeler yoluyla gerçekleşmiş pek çok hak ihlali mevcut olup, özellikle II. Dünya Savaşı döneminde tıbbi deneyler vasıtasıyla tıbbın kötüye kullanılmasından ötürü insanlar üzerinde gerçekleştirilen tıbbi deney ve denemelerle ilgili hukuk kuralları ihdas edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Nürnberg Kodu ve Helsinki Deklarasyonu gibi uluslararası hukuk metinleriyle konuyla ilgili düzenleme getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada tıbbi deney ve denemelerle ilgili mevzuatın günümüzdeki halini almasına giden tarihsel süreç incelenmiştir. Ayrıca hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan deneylerle ilgili güncel tartışmalara yer verilmiş ve hayvan deneylerine alternatif aranması ile ilgili yasal düzenlemelere ve toplumsal farkındalığa değinilmiştir. İnsanlar ve hayvanlar üzerinde gerçekleştirilen hukuka aykırı deney ve denemelerin hukuki sonuçları inceleme konusu yapılarak, hukuki sorumluluk, cezai sorumluluk ve idari sorumluluklar tartışılmıştır.
Medical experiments and trials are necessary for the development of medical science, and medical science has reached its current level as a result of medical experiments and trials on humans and animals throughout history. Since the right to health, which is one of the fundamental human rights, includes the individual's access to the highest standard of health, it is necessary to conduct medical experiments and trials in accordance with law and ethics and to advance medical science in order to protect the rights of individuals. The extent to which medical experiments and trials should be considered lawful for both humans and animals has been a subject of debate many times. This study seeks to answer this question. The role of experiments and trials in the development of medical science and the concepts such as 'medical experiment', 'medical trial' and 'clinical trial' are analyzed. In addition, some of the well-known medical experiments and trials are included and the lawfulness of these experiments is analyzed. Since medical experiments and trials are medical interventions, the conditions of lawfulness set forth in the doctrine in terms of medical interventions will also apply to medical experiments and trials. The study discusses the conditions that ensure the legality of medical experiments and trials. There have been many violations of rights through medical experiments and trials in history, and especially during World War II, due to the abuse of medicine through medical experiments, legal rules were established regarding medical experiments and trials on humans. In this context, international legal texts such as the Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration have attempted to regulate the issue. Within the scope of the study, the historical process leading to the current legislation on medical experiments and trials is examined. In addition, current debates on animal testing are included and legal regulations and public awareness on the search for alternatives to animal testing are mentioned. The legal consequences of unlawful experiments and trials on humans and animals are examined, and civil liability, criminal liability and administrative responsibilities are discussed.
Medical experiments and trials are necessary for the development of medical science, and medical science has reached its current level as a result of medical experiments and trials on humans and animals throughout history. Since the right to health, which is one of the fundamental human rights, includes the individual's access to the highest standard of health, it is necessary to conduct medical experiments and trials in accordance with law and ethics and to advance medical science in order to protect the rights of individuals. The extent to which medical experiments and trials should be considered lawful for both humans and animals has been a subject of debate many times. This study seeks to answer this question. The role of experiments and trials in the development of medical science and the concepts such as 'medical experiment', 'medical trial' and 'clinical trial' are analyzed. In addition, some of the well-known medical experiments and trials are included and the lawfulness of these experiments is analyzed. Since medical experiments and trials are medical interventions, the conditions of lawfulness set forth in the doctrine in terms of medical interventions will also apply to medical experiments and trials. The study discusses the conditions that ensure the legality of medical experiments and trials. There have been many violations of rights through medical experiments and trials in history, and especially during World War II, due to the abuse of medicine through medical experiments, legal rules were established regarding medical experiments and trials on humans. In this context, international legal texts such as the Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration have attempted to regulate the issue. Within the scope of the study, the historical process leading to the current legislation on medical experiments and trials is examined. In addition, current debates on animal testing are included and legal regulations and public awareness on the search for alternatives to animal testing are mentioned. The legal consequences of unlawful experiments and trials on humans and animals are examined, and civil liability, criminal liability and administrative responsibilities are discussed.
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