Publication: Manda Orijinli Enterococcus Faecium İzolatlarının Genotip, Antibiyotip ve Bazı Virülens Genleri Açısından İncelenmesi
Abstract
Antibiyotik dirençliliği, gram pozitif ve gram negatif bakteriler tarafından sebep olunan bakteriyel hastalıkların tedavi edilmesini zorlaştıran küresel bir problem haline gelmiştir. Fırsatçı patojenler olarak bilinen Enterokokların son zamanlarda artan bir düzeyde çoklu antibiyotik direnci gösterdiği gözlenmektedir. Çiftlik hayvanlarında antibiyotiklerin yoğun bir şekilde kullanılması sebebiyle direnç genleri ve paternlerinin düzenli bir şekilde izlenmesi gerektirmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, Anadolu Mandalarından (Bubalus bubalis) izole edilmiş ve fenotipik olarak karakterize edilmiş olan Enterococcus faecium izolatlarının PCR ile moleküler karakterizasyonu yapıldı. Bu amaçla, OMÜ Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı kültür koleksiyonunda bulunan 48 E. faecium izolatının ampisilin, eritromisin, gentamisin, kanamisin, kloramfenikol, streptomisin, tetrasiklin ve vankomisin olmak üzere 8 antibiyotiğe karşı fenotipik olarak in vitro dirençlilikleri, bu antibiyotiklere ait bazı direnç genleri [bla(z), ermB, aac(6')-aph(2'), aphA-3, catpIP, ant(6)la, vanA, vanB, tetM ve tetL], bazı virulens genleri (esp, gelE, cylA, cylB, agg, hyl ve asa1), biyofilm oluşturma yetenekleri araştırıldı. Ayrıca izolatların antibiyotiplendirme ve genotiplendirme işlemleri gerçekleştirildi. İzolatların virulens genleri bakımından sadece gelE (8'inde) ve hyl (1'inde) genlerinde pozitiflik görüldü. Antibiyotik direnç genleri bakımından aphA-3 (11'inde), tetL (1'inde), tetM (3'ünde) geni ve ermB (3'ünde) genlerinde pozitiflik oldu. Bir izolatın bu 4 genin tamamına sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, 48 adet izolatın 47 (%97.92), 46 (%95.83), 45 (%93.75), 43 (%89.58), 40 (%83.33), 39 (%81.25), 35 (%72.92) ve 24'ü (%50) sırasıyla kanamisin, streptomisin, ampisilin, gentamisin, kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin, eritromisin ve vankomisin'e dirençli oldu. Araştırılan 48 adet izolatın 47'si (%97.92) biyofilm oluşturma özelliği açısından pozitif olarak değerlendirildi. İzolatların fenotipik yakınlıklarının kantitatif olarak değerlendirildiği filogenetik analiz sonucuna göre %54-100 arasında benzerlik belirlendi. Antibiyotiplendirme amacıyla %75 benzerlik eşik değeri dikkate alındığında 5 çoklu fenotip tespit edildi. Dendrogram değerlendirmesine göre E. faecium izolatlarının %23-100 arasında benzerlik gösterdiği belirlendi. Genotiplendirmede, 16 adet tekli ve 9 adet çoklu genotip belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, mandaların çeşitli antibiyotiklere dirençli E. faecium izolatlarını taşıdıkları ve dışkılarıyla kontaminasyonlara sebep olarak risk oluşturabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Antibiotic resistance has become a global problem that complicates the treatment of bacterial diseases caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Enterococci, known as opportunistic pathogens, have recently exhibited increased levels of multiple antibiotic resistance. Due to the intensive use of antibiotics in farm animals, resistance genes and patterns require regular monitoring. In this thesis study, molecular characterization of Enterococcus faecium isolates isolated from Anatolian Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and phenotypically characterized was performed by PCR. For this purpose, the phenotypic in vitro resistance of 48 E. faecium isolates found in the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of OMU to 8 antibiotics, namely ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin, some resistance genes of these antibiotics [bla(z), ermB, aac(6')-aph(2'), aphA-3, catpIP, ant(6)la, vanA, vanB, tetM, and tetL], some virulence genes (esp, gelE, cylA, cylB, agg, hyl, and asa1), biofilm formation, antibiotic, and genotyping were evaluated. In terms of virulence genes of the isolates, only gelE (8) and hyl (1) genes were positive. In terms of antibiotic resistance genes, aphA-3 (11), tetL (1), tetM (3) genes, and ermB (3) genes were positive. It was determined that one isolate had all of these 4 genes. According to the findings, 47 (97.92%), 46 (95.83%), 45 (93.75%), 43 (89.58%), 40 (83.33%), 39 (81.25%), 35 (72.92%) and 24 (50%) of the 48 isolates were resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin, respectively. 47 (97.92%) of the 48 isolates investigated were evaluated as positive in terms of biofilm formation ability. According to the result of phylogenetic analysis, in which the phenotypic closeness of the isolates was evaluated quantitatively, a similarity between 54-100% was determined. Considering the threshold value of 70% similarity for antibiotic typing, 5 multiple phenotypes were identified. According to the dendrogram evaluation, it was determined that E. faecium isolates showed 23-100% similarity. In genotyping, 16 single and 9 multiple genotypes were identified. As a result, it is thought that buffalos carry E. faecium isolates that are resistant to various antibiotics and may pose a risk by causing contamination with their feces.
Antibiotic resistance has become a global problem that complicates the treatment of bacterial diseases caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Enterococci, known as opportunistic pathogens, have recently exhibited increased levels of multiple antibiotic resistance. Due to the intensive use of antibiotics in farm animals, resistance genes and patterns require regular monitoring. In this thesis study, molecular characterization of Enterococcus faecium isolates isolated from Anatolian Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and phenotypically characterized was performed by PCR. For this purpose, the phenotypic in vitro resistance of 48 E. faecium isolates found in the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of OMU to 8 antibiotics, namely ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin, some resistance genes of these antibiotics [bla(z), ermB, aac(6')-aph(2'), aphA-3, catpIP, ant(6)la, vanA, vanB, tetM, and tetL], some virulence genes (esp, gelE, cylA, cylB, agg, hyl, and asa1), biofilm formation, antibiotic, and genotyping were evaluated. In terms of virulence genes of the isolates, only gelE (8) and hyl (1) genes were positive. In terms of antibiotic resistance genes, aphA-3 (11), tetL (1), tetM (3) genes, and ermB (3) genes were positive. It was determined that one isolate had all of these 4 genes. According to the findings, 47 (97.92%), 46 (95.83%), 45 (93.75%), 43 (89.58%), 40 (83.33%), 39 (81.25%), 35 (72.92%) and 24 (50%) of the 48 isolates were resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin, respectively. 47 (97.92%) of the 48 isolates investigated were evaluated as positive in terms of biofilm formation ability. According to the result of phylogenetic analysis, in which the phenotypic closeness of the isolates was evaluated quantitatively, a similarity between 54-100% was determined. Considering the threshold value of 70% similarity for antibiotic typing, 5 multiple phenotypes were identified. According to the dendrogram evaluation, it was determined that E. faecium isolates showed 23-100% similarity. In genotyping, 16 single and 9 multiple genotypes were identified. As a result, it is thought that buffalos carry E. faecium isolates that are resistant to various antibiotics and may pose a risk by causing contamination with their feces.
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