Publication: Otoklavlanmış veya Fırınlanmış ve Fitaz Enzimi İlave Edilmiş Kenevir Tohumu Küspesinin Etlik Piliçlerin Büyüme Performası, Et Kalitesi, Kemik Mineral Durumu ve Bağırsak Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkisi
Abstract
Kenevir tohumu küspesi, zengin protein ve yağ asidi profili içeriği nedeniyle soya küspesinin yerini almaya potansiyel bir adaydır. Bu çalışmada, ısıtılmış kenevir tohumu küspesi ve soya küspesi yerine fitaz ilavesinin etlik piliçlerin verim performansları, karkas özellikleri, iç organları, serum biyokimyası, bağırsak sağlığı, kemik mineral içeriği ve et yağ asidi profili üzerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 210 adet karışık cinsiyetli Ross etlik civciv rastgele 7 muamele grubuna 6 tekerrür olacak şekilde bölünmüş ve 42 gün boyunca beslenmiştir. Muamele grupları, KT= bazal yem (mısır-soya fasulyesi bazlı); KK = %15 ısıtılmamış kenevir tohumu küspesi içeren yem; KKE = %15 ısıtılmamış kenevir tohumu küspesi ve 1000 FTU/kg fitaz enzimi (FE) içeren yem ; OKK %15 otoklavlanmış (120°C, 10 dakika) kenevir tohumu küspesi içeren yem; OKKE = %15 otoklavlanmış (120°C, 10 dakika) kenevir tohumu küspesi ve 1000 FTU/kg FE içeren yem; FKK = %15 fırınlanmış (120°C, 20 dakika) kenevir tohumu küspesi içeren yem; FKKE = %15 fırınlanmış (120°C, 20 dakika) kenevir tohumu küspesi ve 1000 FTU/kg FE içeren yemden oluşmaktadır. Isıtma işlemi kenevir tohumu küspesinin ham protein içeriğini etkilememiş ve kenevir tohumu küspesinin saponin, tanen, hidrojen siyanür (HCN) ve fitik asit içeriğini azaltmıştır. Kenevir tohumu küspesi kullanımı yem tüketimini azaltmış ve en düşük canlı ağırlık ve canlı ağırlık artışını sağlamıştır (P<0,01). Genel dönemde (42 gün), OKK grubunun canlı ağırlığı ve canlı ağırlık artışı KK, KKE, FKK ve FKKE gruplarından daha yüksek olmuştur (P<0.01). KT grubu en düşük yemden yararlanma oranı (YYO) göstermiştir (P<0,05). Kenevir tohumu küspesi ve FE'nin karkas ağırlığı, karaciğer, abdominal yağ, duodenum, sekum ve duodenum uzunluğu üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmamıştır (P>0,05). Kenevir tohumu küspesi kullanımı kalp ağırlığını artırmış ve ısıtılmamış kenevir tohumu küspesi (KK, KKE) en yüksek dalak ve taşlık ağırlığını vermiştir (P<0,05). Kenevir tohumu küspesi ile besleme etlik piliçlerin ileum ve jejunum ağırlığı ile ileum ve sekum uzunluğunu önemli ölçüde artmıştır (P<0,01). OKKE grubu, etlik piliçlerin toplam bakteri ve E. coli popülasyonlarını diğer gruplara göre önemli ölçüde azaltırken (P<0,01), L. acidophilus popülasyonunu artırmıştır (P<0,01). Buna ek olarak, FE ilavesi toplam bakteri ve E. coli popülasyonlarını azaltmıştır (P<0.01). Kenevir tohumu küspesi grubunun villus yüksekliği (VY) ve yüzey alanı (YA) değerleri KT grubununkinden daha düşük olmuştur (P<0,05). Bununla birlikte, OKK grubundaki VY, KK grubundan önemli ölçüde yüksek bulunmuş, ancak KT grubundan düşük olmuştur (P<0,01). FKK ve FKKE grupları serum trigliserit ve gamma glutamiltransferaz (GGT) düzeylerini artırmıştır (P<0,01). FKKE grubu aspartat amino transferaz (AAT) değerini artırmıştır (P<0.01). OKK ve OKKE grupları serum kalsiyum ve glukoz düzeylerini önemli ölçüde artırmıştır (P<0,01). Ancak, KKE, OKK ve OKKE gruplarının but eti pH değerleri KT grubununkinden daha düşük olmuştur (P<0,01). Kenevir tohumu küspesi ilavesi göğüs eti a* değeri ve göğüs ve but eti b* değerlerini önemli ölçüde arttırmıştır (P<0.05). Duyusal testlerde, KK ve KKE gruplarının göğüs eti genel değerlendirmesi kontrol grubuna göre düşük olurken, diğer muamele grupları ile kontrol grubu arasında istatistiksel bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (P>0,05). Karma yeme kenevir tohumu küspesi ilave edilmesi tibianın kalsiyum içeriğini önemli ölçüde artırmıştır (P<0,05). OKKE ile besleme, KT ve KK uygulamalarına kıyasla tibiadaki fosfor ve potasyumu önemli ölçüde artırmıştır (P<0.05). Femur kemiğinde, OKKE ile besleme KT, KK ve FKK uygulamalarına kıyasla kalsiyumu önemli ölçüde iyileştirmiştir (P<0,05). OKK grubu femurda Ca:P değerini artırmıştır. Kenevir tohumu küspesinin tibia kırılma direnci üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmamıştır (P>0,05). Kenevir tohumu küspesi but eti SFA ve MUFA içeriğini azaltırken PUFA, omega 3 ve omega 6 içeriğini arttırmıştır (P<0,05). Omega 6: Omega3 oranı kenevir tohumu küspesi ilavesiyle azalmıştır. Sonuç olarak, %15 kenevir tohumu küspesi ile besleme PUFA (omega 3 ve omega 6), kalsiyum, kemik fosforu ve etin a* ve b* değerlerini artırmıştır. OKK (120°C,10 dakika) grubu, sekumdaki Lactobacillus spp. bakteri popülasyonunu ve bağırsak villus yüksekliğini, serum glukozunu artırmış ve FKK (120°C,20 dakika) ve KK'ye göre daha yüksek canlı ağırlık ve canlı ağırlık artışı sağlamıştır. Fitazın faydalı etkisi, ısıtılmamış kenevir tohumu küspesine eklendiğinde ısıtılmış keten tohumuna kıyasla daha belirgin olmuştur. Isıtma, kenevir tohumu küspesinin anti-besinsel bileşik içeriğini azaltmış, ancak Vezir çeşidi kenevir tohumunun ham selüloz içeriğinin yüksek olması nedeniyle, kenevir tohumu küspesi ile beslenen etlik piliçlerin gelişim performansı mısır-soya küspesi ile beslenen etlik piliçlere erişememiştir.
Hemp seed cake is being considered as an alternative to soybean meal because of its Hemp seed cake is being considered as an alternative to soybean meal because of its high protein content and beneficial fatty acid profile. This study aimed to assess the impact of heated hemp seed as a soybean meal substitution with phytase addition on the productive performance, carcass, internal organ, serum biochemistry, intestinal health, mineral bone and meat fatty acid profile of broiler. The study involved 210 unsexed Ross broiler chicks, which were divided into 7 treatment groups with 6 replicates. These chicks were raised and observed over a period of 42 days. Treatments : CT = basal feed (corn-soybean based); HC = feed with 15% unheated hemp seed cake; HCE = feed with 15% unheated hemp seed cake and 1000 FTU/kg pytase enzyme (PE); AHC = feed with 15% autoclaved (120°C, 10 min) hemp seed cake ; AHCE = feed with 15% autoclaved (120°C, 10 min) hemp seed cake and 1000 FTU/kg PE; RHC = feed with 15% oven-roasted (120°C, 20 min) hemp seed cake; RHCE = feed with 15% oven-roasted (120°C, 20 min) hemp seed cake and 1000 FTU/kg PE. In this study, heating treatment did not damage the crude protein content and reduced the saponin, tannin, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and phytic acid content of hemp seed cake. The inclusion of hemp seed cake reduced feed intake and produced the lowest live weight and weight gain (P<0.01). In overall period ( 42-day), the live weight and live weight gain of the AHC group was higher than that of the HC, HCE, RHC, and RHCE groups (P<0.01). CT group resulted the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0.05). The treatments did not affect the weight of carcass, liver, abdominal fat, duodenum, cecum and duodenum length (P>0.05). The use of hemp seed cake significantly improve the heart weight and unheated hemp seed cake (HC,HCE) had the highest spleen and gizzard weight (P<0.05). When fed with hemp seed cake, ileum and jejunum weight and ileum and cecum length were significantly increased (P<0.01). AHCE group significantly decreased the population of total bacteria and E. coli (P<0.01) and increased Lactobacillus spp. (P<0.01). The addition of PE decreased the population of total bacteria and E. coli (P<0.01). The villus hight and villus surface area of the hemp seed cake group were lower than those of the CT group (P<0.05). However, the villus surface area in the AHC group was higher than that of the HC group, but could not match that of the CT group (P<0.01). The RHC and RHCE groups significantly increased serum triglycerides and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P<0.01). RHCE group increased aspartate amino transferase (AAT) value (P<0.01). AHC and AHCE groups significantly increased calcium and glucose (P<0.01). All treatments had no impact on protein and fat content of broiler breast meat. However, the pH values of HCE, AHC and AHCE groups were lower than those of CT treatment (P<0.01). The inclusion of hemp seed cake significantly increased a* and b* values (P<0.05). Overall panelist evaluation showed that 15% HC decreased the sensory of the breast meat, while 15% heated hemp seed cake did not change the sensory of the breast meat or equaled the value in the CT treatment. The addition of hempseed cake to the diet significantly increased the calcium of the tibia (P<0.05). Feeding AHCE significantly increased phosphorus and potassium in the tibia compared to CT and HC treatments (P<0.05). AHC group increased the Ca:P value in the femur (P<0.05). Hemp seed cake did not affect the tibia bone strength (P>0.05). Hemp seed cake decreased SFA and MUFA but increased PUFA, omega 3 and omega 6 (P<0.05). The ratio of omega 6: omega 3 decreased with hemp seed cake feeding. In conclusion, feeding 15% hemp seed cake increased PUFA (omega 3 and omega 6), and a* and b* values of meat and bone calcium and phosphorus. AHC (120°C,10 min) group increased Lactobacillus spp. population in the cecum and intestinal villus height, serum glucose and resulted in higher body weight and weight gain than RHC (120°C,20 min) and HC. The beneficial effect of phytase was greater when added to unheated hemp seed cake compared to heated hempseed cake. Heating was able to reduce the anti-nutrient content of hempseed cake, but Vezir variety hempseed cake had high crude fiber content, thus the performance of the broilers could not match that of the chickens fed fed a corn-soybean-based diet.
Hemp seed cake is being considered as an alternative to soybean meal because of its Hemp seed cake is being considered as an alternative to soybean meal because of its high protein content and beneficial fatty acid profile. This study aimed to assess the impact of heated hemp seed as a soybean meal substitution with phytase addition on the productive performance, carcass, internal organ, serum biochemistry, intestinal health, mineral bone and meat fatty acid profile of broiler. The study involved 210 unsexed Ross broiler chicks, which were divided into 7 treatment groups with 6 replicates. These chicks were raised and observed over a period of 42 days. Treatments : CT = basal feed (corn-soybean based); HC = feed with 15% unheated hemp seed cake; HCE = feed with 15% unheated hemp seed cake and 1000 FTU/kg pytase enzyme (PE); AHC = feed with 15% autoclaved (120°C, 10 min) hemp seed cake ; AHCE = feed with 15% autoclaved (120°C, 10 min) hemp seed cake and 1000 FTU/kg PE; RHC = feed with 15% oven-roasted (120°C, 20 min) hemp seed cake; RHCE = feed with 15% oven-roasted (120°C, 20 min) hemp seed cake and 1000 FTU/kg PE. In this study, heating treatment did not damage the crude protein content and reduced the saponin, tannin, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and phytic acid content of hemp seed cake. The inclusion of hemp seed cake reduced feed intake and produced the lowest live weight and weight gain (P<0.01). In overall period ( 42-day), the live weight and live weight gain of the AHC group was higher than that of the HC, HCE, RHC, and RHCE groups (P<0.01). CT group resulted the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0.05). The treatments did not affect the weight of carcass, liver, abdominal fat, duodenum, cecum and duodenum length (P>0.05). The use of hemp seed cake significantly improve the heart weight and unheated hemp seed cake (HC,HCE) had the highest spleen and gizzard weight (P<0.05). When fed with hemp seed cake, ileum and jejunum weight and ileum and cecum length were significantly increased (P<0.01). AHCE group significantly decreased the population of total bacteria and E. coli (P<0.01) and increased Lactobacillus spp. (P<0.01). The addition of PE decreased the population of total bacteria and E. coli (P<0.01). The villus hight and villus surface area of the hemp seed cake group were lower than those of the CT group (P<0.05). However, the villus surface area in the AHC group was higher than that of the HC group, but could not match that of the CT group (P<0.01). The RHC and RHCE groups significantly increased serum triglycerides and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P<0.01). RHCE group increased aspartate amino transferase (AAT) value (P<0.01). AHC and AHCE groups significantly increased calcium and glucose (P<0.01). All treatments had no impact on protein and fat content of broiler breast meat. However, the pH values of HCE, AHC and AHCE groups were lower than those of CT treatment (P<0.01). The inclusion of hemp seed cake significantly increased a* and b* values (P<0.05). Overall panelist evaluation showed that 15% HC decreased the sensory of the breast meat, while 15% heated hemp seed cake did not change the sensory of the breast meat or equaled the value in the CT treatment. The addition of hempseed cake to the diet significantly increased the calcium of the tibia (P<0.05). Feeding AHCE significantly increased phosphorus and potassium in the tibia compared to CT and HC treatments (P<0.05). AHC group increased the Ca:P value in the femur (P<0.05). Hemp seed cake did not affect the tibia bone strength (P>0.05). Hemp seed cake decreased SFA and MUFA but increased PUFA, omega 3 and omega 6 (P<0.05). The ratio of omega 6: omega 3 decreased with hemp seed cake feeding. In conclusion, feeding 15% hemp seed cake increased PUFA (omega 3 and omega 6), and a* and b* values of meat and bone calcium and phosphorus. AHC (120°C,10 min) group increased Lactobacillus spp. population in the cecum and intestinal villus height, serum glucose and resulted in higher body weight and weight gain than RHC (120°C,20 min) and HC. The beneficial effect of phytase was greater when added to unheated hemp seed cake compared to heated hempseed cake. Heating was able to reduce the anti-nutrient content of hempseed cake, but Vezir variety hempseed cake had high crude fiber content, thus the performance of the broilers could not match that of the chickens fed fed a corn-soybean-based diet.
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