Publication: Murray Bookchın'de Postmodernizmin Çevre Felsefesine Etkileri ve Eleştirisi
Abstract
Doğa, bütün varlıklar için bir evi temsil etmektedir. Özellikle toplumsal anlayışlar incelendiğinde insanların doğayı bir ana figürü olarak resmettiği de görülmektedir. Her ne kadar doğa bir ev olarak insan yaşamını şekillendirse de bu etki tek taraflı olmamış, insan da doğayı değiştirerek onun şekillendirmiş ve yeri geldiğinde tahrip etmiştir. Bu anlamda insanlık tarihi boyunca doğa ile insan arasında karşılıklı bir etkileşim söz konusu olmuştur. Bu etkileşimler tarihini özellikle sanayi devrimi öncesi ve sonrası olarak ayırmak mümkündür. Bu etkileşimler sonucu birçok düşünür insan ve doğa ilişkisi üzerine çeşitli paradigmalar oluşturmuş ve pek çok toplumsal hareket meydana gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda benimsenen paradigmaları incelemek ve tartışmak insan-doğa ilişkisinde insanın tarih boyunca hangi noktalarda durduğunu, hangi problemlere cevap aradığını ve sunduğu çözümleri anlamayı sağlayacaktır. İnsan-doğa ilişkisine dair oluşturulan paradigmalardan birisi de Murray Bookchin'in toplumsal ekoloji kuramıdır. Çalışmada Bookchin'in toplumsal ekoloji kuramından hareketle postmodern çevre felsefesi üzerine bir araştırma yürütülmüştür. Postmodern dönemde yaşayan ancak kendisi postmodern olmayan Bookchin'in toplumsal ekoloji kuramı, hiyerarşi, tahakküm, diyalektik doğalcılık, özgürlük, doğa ve evrim kavramları çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda Bookchin'in ideal toplum-doğa ve insan tasavvuru, bulunduğumuz dönem içerisinde bize sunulan bir reçete olarak görülebilir. Bookchin, hiyerarşik yapıların doğa üzerinde dengesizlikler yarattığını öne sürmüş ve postmodern dönem çevre felsefesi alanında tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Ayrıca, özgürlük ve yaratıcılık gibi kavramlara eğilerek, doğal dünyanın gelişimsel yapısından hareketle bir ekolojik etik inşa etmeye çalışmıştır. Bu amaçla değerleri doğal evrim bağlamında açıklamış, natüralist bir karakter taşıyan etik anlayışında hiyerarşik düzene dayanan toplumsal yapıya karşı çıkmış ve bireycilik karşıtı olan sosyobiyolojik yaklaşımlardan da uzaklaşmıştır. Bookchin'e göre, bugünün dünyasının çevre krizi, insanın doğa üzerinde kurduğu tahakküm ile insanın insan üzerinde kurduğu tahakküm arasındaki bağlantıyı yansıtmaktadır. Nitekim hiyerarşi yalnızca toplumsal hayatta var olmaktan çıkarak aynı zamanda doğaya da sirayet eden ve onu aşındıran bir psikolojik yapı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bookchin, güç ve özerkliği bireye devrederek hiyerarşi yerine işbirliğini koymuş ve bir tür eko-anarşizm üretmiştir. Sonuç olarak Bookchin'in toplum, insan ve düzen konularında postmodernlerden ve ortodoks Marksizmden ayrılarak kendi paradigmasını inşa ettiği ancak bu paradigmayı kurarken de Hegel'den, Marxtan -ikisinden de çeşitli hususlarda ayrılmakla beraber-, Weber'den ve Anarşistlerden etkilendiği görülmüştür.
Nature represents a home for all beings. Especially when social understandings are examined, it is seen that people portray nature as a mother figure. Although nature shapes human life as a home, this effect has not been one-sided; humans have also changed nature, shaped it and destroyed it when necessary. In this sense, there has been a mutual interaction between nature and humans throughout human history. It is possible to divide the history of these interactions into before and after the industrial revolution. As a result of these interactions, many thinkers have created various paradigms on the relationship between humans and nature and many social movements have occurred. Examining and discussing the paradigms adopted in this context will enable us to understand where humans stand in the human-nature relationship throughout history, what problems they seek answers to and the solutions they offer. One of the paradigms created regarding the human-nature relationship is Murray Bookchin's social ecology theory. In the study, a research was conducted on postmodern environmental philosophy, based on Bookchin's social ecology theory. The social ecology theory of Bookchin, who lived in the postmodern period but was not postmodern himself, was discussed within the framework of the concepts of hierarchy, domination, dialectical naturalism, freedom, nature and evolution. In this context, Bookchin's ideal society-nature and human imagination can be seen as a prescription presented to us in our current period. Bookchin argued that hierarchical structures create imbalances in nature and led to discussions in the field of postmodern environmental philosophy. Additionally, he tried to build an ecological ethic based on the developmental structure of the natural world, focusing on concepts such as freedom and creativity. For this purpose, he explained values in the context of natural evolution, opposed the social structure based on hierarchical order in his ethical understanding with a naturalist character, and moved away from sociobiological approaches that were anti-individualistic. According to Bookchin, the environmental crisis of today's world reflects the connection between man's domination over nature and man's domination over man. As a matter of fact, hierarchy emerges as a psychological structure that ceases to exist only in social life but also spreads to nature and erodes it. By transferring power and autonomy to the individual, Bookchin replaced hierarchy with cooperation and produced a type of eco-anarchism. As a result, it has been seen that Bookchin built his own paradigm by departing from postmoderns and orthodox Marxism on the issues of society, people and order, but while establishing this paradigm, he was influenced by Hegel, Marx - although he differs from both of them in various aspects - Weber and Anarchists.
Nature represents a home for all beings. Especially when social understandings are examined, it is seen that people portray nature as a mother figure. Although nature shapes human life as a home, this effect has not been one-sided; humans have also changed nature, shaped it and destroyed it when necessary. In this sense, there has been a mutual interaction between nature and humans throughout human history. It is possible to divide the history of these interactions into before and after the industrial revolution. As a result of these interactions, many thinkers have created various paradigms on the relationship between humans and nature and many social movements have occurred. Examining and discussing the paradigms adopted in this context will enable us to understand where humans stand in the human-nature relationship throughout history, what problems they seek answers to and the solutions they offer. One of the paradigms created regarding the human-nature relationship is Murray Bookchin's social ecology theory. In the study, a research was conducted on postmodern environmental philosophy, based on Bookchin's social ecology theory. The social ecology theory of Bookchin, who lived in the postmodern period but was not postmodern himself, was discussed within the framework of the concepts of hierarchy, domination, dialectical naturalism, freedom, nature and evolution. In this context, Bookchin's ideal society-nature and human imagination can be seen as a prescription presented to us in our current period. Bookchin argued that hierarchical structures create imbalances in nature and led to discussions in the field of postmodern environmental philosophy. Additionally, he tried to build an ecological ethic based on the developmental structure of the natural world, focusing on concepts such as freedom and creativity. For this purpose, he explained values in the context of natural evolution, opposed the social structure based on hierarchical order in his ethical understanding with a naturalist character, and moved away from sociobiological approaches that were anti-individualistic. According to Bookchin, the environmental crisis of today's world reflects the connection between man's domination over nature and man's domination over man. As a matter of fact, hierarchy emerges as a psychological structure that ceases to exist only in social life but also spreads to nature and erodes it. By transferring power and autonomy to the individual, Bookchin replaced hierarchy with cooperation and produced a type of eco-anarchism. As a result, it has been seen that Bookchin built his own paradigm by departing from postmoderns and orthodox Marxism on the issues of society, people and order, but while establishing this paradigm, he was influenced by Hegel, Marx - although he differs from both of them in various aspects - Weber and Anarchists.
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