Publication: Domates Hasat Artıklarından Yapılan Silaj ve Peletlerin Yem Değerinin İn Vitro Yöntemlerle Belirlenmesi
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Bu çalışma, hasat sonrası serada kalan domates (Lycopersicon esculentum) bitkisinin (HDB) ve bu materyalden farklı katkı maddeleriyle hazırlanan silajların ve peletlerin kaba yem kalitesini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Üç aşamada yürütülen bu çalışmada öncelikle HDB taze, katkısız silajları ve peletleri değerlendirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada HDB silajları katkısız (NK), melas (MS), üre+melas (ÜMS), arpa (AS) veya mikrobiyal inokülant (MİS) ilavesiyle hazırlanırlanmış, katkılı tüm silaj muameleleri %5 buğday samanı ilave edilerek silolanmış, ayrıca saman ilaveli katkısız HDB silajları da (PK) değerlendirilmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada peletler katkısız (KP), sepiyolit (SP), sepiyolit+melas (SMP), sepiyolit+üre+melas (SÜMP) veya sepiyolit+arpa (SAP) ilavesiyle hazırlanmıştır. Denemede kullanılan yemlerin besin madde analizleri, silajların ve peletlerin kalite parametreleri, nispi yem değerleri (NYD) ile nispi kaba yem kaliteleri (NKK) belirlenmiş olup, yemlerin in vitro gaz üretimleri (İVGÜ) Hohenheim gaz testi ile, metan ölçümleri infrared metan analizörü ile, in vitro gerçek sindirilebilirlikleri (İVGS) ise DaisyII inkübatör kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada incelenen yemlerin ekonomik analizleri yapılmış olup, elde edilen veriler tesadüf parselleri deneme tertibine göre istatistik analize tabi tutulmuştur. Hasat sonrası kalan domates bitkisi ve ondan yapılan katkısız silaj ve peletlerin besin madde içerikleri, hücre duvarı bileşenleri, kaba yem kalite parametreleri, sindirilebilirlikleri, İVGÜ ve metan üretimleri açısından aralarında önemli farklılıklar gösterdiği saptanmıştır (P<0.05). Taze HDB, silaj ve pelet HDB'ye kıyasla daha yüksek ham selüloz (HS) ve daha düşük NYD, NKK ve toplam sindirilebilir besin maddeleri (TSBM) içeriğine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir (P<0.05). Silolama işleminin, diğer işleme yöntemleriyle kıyaslandığında İVGS artırdığı ve İVGÜ ile metan emisyonunu azalttığı belirlenmiştir (P<0.05). Hasat sonrası kalan domates bitkisinden farklı katkı maddeleri ilavesiyle yapılan silajların kalitesini ve besin madde içerikleri artırdığı gözlemlenmiştir (P<0.05). En yüksek ham protein (HP) içeriği üre+melas ilavesi yapılan silajlarda belirlenmiş, diğer katkı maddesi ilavelerinin HP içerikleri üzerine olumlu etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Melas veya mikrobiyal inokülant ilaveleri yapılan silajlarda laktik asit (LA) fermantasyonun iyileştiği, arpa veya melas ilaveli silajların pH, suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK) ve kuru madde (KM)'yi olumlu yönde etkilediği ve organik madde (OM) kayıplarını azalttığı saptanmıştır. Melas, mikrobiyal inokülant ve arpa ilavelerinin silajların LA ve laktik asit bakterilerini (LAB) önemli düzeyde artırdığı (P<0.05), fermantasyonu iyileştirdiği; enterobakter, maya ve küf sayılarını azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, katkı maddesi ilavelerinin silajların aerobik stabilitesini olumlu yönde etkilediği görülmüştür (P<0.05). Bununla birlikte, melas ilave edilen silajlarda İVGS'nin arttığı, metan üretiminin ise düştüğü belirlenmiştir (P<0.05). Çeşitli katkı maddeleri ile hazırlanan peletlerin fiziksel dayanıklılığının, besin madde içeriğinin ve yem kalitesinin arttığı saptanmış (P<0.05), özellikle sepiyolit ile birlikte üre+melas ilavesinin HP, NYD ve NKK değerlerini artırdığı tespit edilmiştir (P<0.05). Pelet yapımında sepiyolitle birlikte katkı maddesi ilaveleri İVGÜ ve metan üretimlerini azaltıcı etki göstermiştir. Ayrıca, melas ve üre+melas ilavelerinin peletlerin sindirilebilirliğini artırdığı belirlenmiştir (P<0.05). Ekonomik değerlendirmeden elde edilen sonuçlara göre en düşük maliyet taze HDB'de, en yüksek maliyet ise üre+melas kullanımında belirlenmiştir. Katkı maddeleri kullanımı üretim maliyetini bir miktar artırsa da yem kalitesini artırdığından dolayı kullanımı önerilebilir. Arpa ve melas ilaveli HDB silajları ile üre+melas ilaveli HDB peletlerinin, uygun besin madde içerdikleri ve kaba yem kalitesi bakımından ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılmasının uygun olabileceği görülmektedir. Fakat bu çalışmada silaj yapımında üre ile birlikte kullanılan melas miktarının yetersiz kaldığı için melas miktarının artırması önerilir. Sonuç olarak, HDB'den yapılan silajlar ve peletlerin gerçek yem değerinin belirlenmesinde tek başına in vitro sonuçların yeterli olmayacağı, bu nedenle in vivo çalışmalarla da elde edilen sonuçların test edilmesi gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Domates; hasat; in vitro gaz üretimi; silaj; sindirilebilirlik; pelet; ruminant; sepiyolit.
This study was carried out to determine the forage quality of the post-harvest tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plant (PTP) and the silages and pellets prepared from this material with different additives. This study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, fresh form, silage and pellets without additives were evaluated. In the second stage, PTP silages were prepared without additives (NK), molasses (MS), urea+molasses (UMS), barley (BS), or microbial inoculant (MIS) additions. All silage treatments with additives were ensiled with 5% wheat straw. Therefore, PTP without additives with straw addition (PK) was evaluated. In the third stage, PTP pellets were prepared without additives (KP), with the additions of sepiolite (SP), sepiolite+molasses (SMP), sepiolite+urea+molasses (SUMP) or sepiolite+barley (SBP). Nutrient contents, silage and pellets quality parameters, relative feed values (RFV), relative forage quality (RFQ), in vitro gas production (IVGP) with the Hohenheim gas test, methane production with the infrared methane analyzer, and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) in the DaisyII incubator were determined. Economic analyses of the feeds were performed, and the obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis according to the complete randomized design. Post-harvest tomato plants and their silage and pellets showed significant differences in nutrient contents, cell wall components, forage qualities, IVTD, İVGP, and methane production (P<0.05). Fresh PTP was found to have higher crude fiber (CF) and lower RFV, RFQ, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) content compared to PTP silage and pellets (P<0.05). Ensiling PTP increased IVTD and reduced IVGP and methane emissions compared to fresh and pelleted PTP (P<0.05). Silages prepared from the post-harvest tomato plant with different additives improved silage quality and nutrient contents (P<0.05). The highest crude protein (CP) content was determined in silages with urea+molasses, and other additive treatments positively affected CP contents. Molasses or microbial inoculant additions improved lactic acid (LA) fermentation, while barley or molasses additions positively affected pH, water soluable carbohydrates (WSC), and dry matter (DM), reduced organic matter (OM) losses. Molasses, microbial inoculants, and barley additions significantly increased LA and lactic acid bacteria (LAB; P<0.05), improved fermentation, and reduced enterobacter, yeast, and mold counts. It was also found that additives used positively affected the aerobic stability of silages (P<0.05). Furthermore, IVTD increased, and methane production decreased in silages with molasses addition (P<0.05). Pellets prepared with various additives positively affected physical durability, nutrient content, and feed quality (P<0.05), especially urea+molasses with sepiolite increased CP, RFV, and RFQ (P<0.05). The addition of sepiolite along with other additives to pellets showed a reduced effect on IVGP and methane production. Moreover, molasses and urea+molasses additions increased the IVTD of pellets (P<0.05). According to the economic evaluation results, the lowest cost was determined in fresh PTP, while the highest cost was observed in the use of urea+molassesin the silages and pellets. Although additives slightly increase production costs, their use is recommended because they improve the feed quality. Barley and molasses additions to PTP silages, and urea+molasses addition to PTP pellets are suitable for ruminant feeding as they contain adequate nutrients and forage quality. However, it is suggested that the amount of molasses used with urea in the silage was insufficient and should be slightly increased. In conclusion, it was determined that in vitro results alone are insufficient to determine the true feed value of silages and pellets made from PTP. Therefore, the results obtained should be tested with in vivo studies. Keywords: Tomato; harvest; in vitro gas production; digestibility; silage; pellet; ruminant; sepiolite.
This study was carried out to determine the forage quality of the post-harvest tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plant (PTP) and the silages and pellets prepared from this material with different additives. This study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, fresh form, silage and pellets without additives were evaluated. In the second stage, PTP silages were prepared without additives (NK), molasses (MS), urea+molasses (UMS), barley (BS), or microbial inoculant (MIS) additions. All silage treatments with additives were ensiled with 5% wheat straw. Therefore, PTP without additives with straw addition (PK) was evaluated. In the third stage, PTP pellets were prepared without additives (KP), with the additions of sepiolite (SP), sepiolite+molasses (SMP), sepiolite+urea+molasses (SUMP) or sepiolite+barley (SBP). Nutrient contents, silage and pellets quality parameters, relative feed values (RFV), relative forage quality (RFQ), in vitro gas production (IVGP) with the Hohenheim gas test, methane production with the infrared methane analyzer, and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) in the DaisyII incubator were determined. Economic analyses of the feeds were performed, and the obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis according to the complete randomized design. Post-harvest tomato plants and their silage and pellets showed significant differences in nutrient contents, cell wall components, forage qualities, IVTD, İVGP, and methane production (P<0.05). Fresh PTP was found to have higher crude fiber (CF) and lower RFV, RFQ, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) content compared to PTP silage and pellets (P<0.05). Ensiling PTP increased IVTD and reduced IVGP and methane emissions compared to fresh and pelleted PTP (P<0.05). Silages prepared from the post-harvest tomato plant with different additives improved silage quality and nutrient contents (P<0.05). The highest crude protein (CP) content was determined in silages with urea+molasses, and other additive treatments positively affected CP contents. Molasses or microbial inoculant additions improved lactic acid (LA) fermentation, while barley or molasses additions positively affected pH, water soluable carbohydrates (WSC), and dry matter (DM), reduced organic matter (OM) losses. Molasses, microbial inoculants, and barley additions significantly increased LA and lactic acid bacteria (LAB; P<0.05), improved fermentation, and reduced enterobacter, yeast, and mold counts. It was also found that additives used positively affected the aerobic stability of silages (P<0.05). Furthermore, IVTD increased, and methane production decreased in silages with molasses addition (P<0.05). Pellets prepared with various additives positively affected physical durability, nutrient content, and feed quality (P<0.05), especially urea+molasses with sepiolite increased CP, RFV, and RFQ (P<0.05). The addition of sepiolite along with other additives to pellets showed a reduced effect on IVGP and methane production. Moreover, molasses and urea+molasses additions increased the IVTD of pellets (P<0.05). According to the economic evaluation results, the lowest cost was determined in fresh PTP, while the highest cost was observed in the use of urea+molassesin the silages and pellets. Although additives slightly increase production costs, their use is recommended because they improve the feed quality. Barley and molasses additions to PTP silages, and urea+molasses addition to PTP pellets are suitable for ruminant feeding as they contain adequate nutrients and forage quality. However, it is suggested that the amount of molasses used with urea in the silage was insufficient and should be slightly increased. In conclusion, it was determined that in vitro results alone are insufficient to determine the true feed value of silages and pellets made from PTP. Therefore, the results obtained should be tested with in vivo studies. Keywords: Tomato; harvest; in vitro gas production; digestibility; silage; pellet; ruminant; sepiolite.
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