Publication: Watson İnsan Bakım Kuramına Temellenen Şefkatli Bakım Eğitiminin Ebeveynlerin Şefkat, Öz Şefkat, Ebeveyn Bağlanması ve Emzirme Öz Yeterliliği Üzerine Etkisi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Watson'ın İnsan Bakım Kuramı'na (İBK) dayalı olarak geliştirilen şefkatli bakım eğitiminin, ebeveynlerin şefkat, öz şefkat, ebeveyn-bebek bağlanması ve emzirme öz yeterliliği üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Araştırma, nitel ve nicel yöntemleri bir arada içeren keşfedici sıralı karma yöntem deseninde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nitel boyutta yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik desen, nicel boyutta ise randomize olmayan ön test-son test yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Nitel aşamada, 16 kadın ve 12 erkek olmak üzere toplam 28 ebeveynle bireysel görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş; elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda İBK temelli Şefkatli Bakım Eğitim Programı geliştirilmiştir. Nicel aşamaya ise 34 kontrol ve 34 müdahale grubundan olmak üzere toplam 68 çift dahil edilmiştir. Veriler, ön testte Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Şefkat-Merhamet Ölçeği ve Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği (Kısa Form) ile; son testte ise bunlara ek olarak Maternal Bağlanma Ölçeği, Emzirme Öz Yeterliliği Ölçeği, Baba-Bebek Bağlanma Ölçeği ve Babaların Emzirmeye Etkisi Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Müdahale grubundaki katılımcılara İBK temelli şefkatli bakım eğitimi uygulanmıştır. Hem eğitim hem kontrol grubundaki ebeveynler postpartum 3. ayda yeniden değerlendirilmiştir. Veriler, t-testi, ki-kare testi, yüzdelik ve frekans analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Nitel verilerin analizinde beş tema ve on yedi alt tema belirlenmiştir. Nicel bulgulara göre, eğitim ve kontrol gruplarındaki anne ve babaların şefkat, öz şefkat, bağlanma ve emzirme düzeyleri arasında anlamlı farklar saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Eğitim grubunda Şefkat-Merhamet Ölçeği'nin 'şefkat' alt boyut puanı %37,6, Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği puan ortalaması ise %7,6 oranında anlamlı düzeyde artmıştır. Ayrıca maternal bağlanma, emzirme öz yeterliliği, baba-bebek bağlanması ve babaların emzirmeye etkisi ölçek puanlarında da gruplar arasında anlamlı farklar bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubunda annelerin öz şefkat düzeyinde düşüş gözlenirken, babaların puanlarında artış kaydedilmiştir. Sonuç: İBK temelli şefkatli bakım eğitimi, ilk kez ebeveyn olan bireylerin şefkat, öz şefkat, bağlanma ve emzirme düzeylerini artırmıştır. Ayrıca, eğitime katılan çiftlerde birbirlerine şefkat göstermeye yönelik farkındalığın arttığı görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda, İBK temelli şefkatli bakım eğitiminin hemşirelik uygulamaları, eğitimi ve araştırmalarında kullanılması önerilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Bağlanma, Emzirme, Hemşirelik, İnsan Bakım Kuramı, Öz şefkat, Şefkat
Purpose: This study aims to examine the effects of a compassion-based care training program grounded in Watson's Theory of Human Caring (HCT) on parents' levels of compassion, self-compassion, parent-infant bonding, and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Methods: This research was conducted using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. In the qualitative phase, an interpretative phenomenological approach was adopted, while the quantitative phase employed a non-randomized pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. In the qualitative phase, individual interviews were conducted with 28 parents (16 mothers and 12 fathers), and a Compassionate Care Education Program based on HCT was developed. In the quantitative phase, a total of 68 couples were included—34 in the control group and 34 in the intervention group. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Compassion Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale (Short Form) in the pretest. In the posttest, in addition to these, the Maternal Attachment Scale, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale, Father-Infant Attachment Scale, and Fathers' Influence on Breastfeeding Scale were also administered. The intervention group received the HCT-based Compassionate Care Education Program. Participants in both the intervention and control groups were followed up in the third postpartum month. The data were analyzed using t-tests, chi-square tests, percentages, and frequency analyses. Results: In the qualitative phase, five themes and seventeen sub-themes were identified. Quantitative findings revealed significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of parents' compassion, self-compassion, bonding, and breastfeeding levels (p<0.05). In the intervention group, the Compassion subscale score of the Compassion Scale increased significantly by 37.6%, and the mean score of the Self-Compassion Scale increased by 7.6%. Moreover, significant differences were found in maternal attachment, breastfeeding self-efficacy, father-infant bonding, and fathers' influence on breastfeeding between the two groups. Interestingly, while mothers' self-compassion scores decreased in the control group, fathers' scores increased. Conclusion: The HCT-based compassionate care education program contributed to increased levels of compassion, self-compassion, bonding, and breastfeeding among first-time parents. In addition, the training enhanced couples' awareness of showing compassion toward each other. Accordingly, it is recommended that THC-based compassionate care education be integrated into nursing practice, education, and research. Keywords: Attachment, Breastfeeding, Nursing, Human Caring Theory, Self-compassion, Compassion
Purpose: This study aims to examine the effects of a compassion-based care training program grounded in Watson's Theory of Human Caring (HCT) on parents' levels of compassion, self-compassion, parent-infant bonding, and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Methods: This research was conducted using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. In the qualitative phase, an interpretative phenomenological approach was adopted, while the quantitative phase employed a non-randomized pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. In the qualitative phase, individual interviews were conducted with 28 parents (16 mothers and 12 fathers), and a Compassionate Care Education Program based on HCT was developed. In the quantitative phase, a total of 68 couples were included—34 in the control group and 34 in the intervention group. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Compassion Scale, and Self-Compassion Scale (Short Form) in the pretest. In the posttest, in addition to these, the Maternal Attachment Scale, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale, Father-Infant Attachment Scale, and Fathers' Influence on Breastfeeding Scale were also administered. The intervention group received the HCT-based Compassionate Care Education Program. Participants in both the intervention and control groups were followed up in the third postpartum month. The data were analyzed using t-tests, chi-square tests, percentages, and frequency analyses. Results: In the qualitative phase, five themes and seventeen sub-themes were identified. Quantitative findings revealed significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of parents' compassion, self-compassion, bonding, and breastfeeding levels (p<0.05). In the intervention group, the Compassion subscale score of the Compassion Scale increased significantly by 37.6%, and the mean score of the Self-Compassion Scale increased by 7.6%. Moreover, significant differences were found in maternal attachment, breastfeeding self-efficacy, father-infant bonding, and fathers' influence on breastfeeding between the two groups. Interestingly, while mothers' self-compassion scores decreased in the control group, fathers' scores increased. Conclusion: The HCT-based compassionate care education program contributed to increased levels of compassion, self-compassion, bonding, and breastfeeding among first-time parents. In addition, the training enhanced couples' awareness of showing compassion toward each other. Accordingly, it is recommended that THC-based compassionate care education be integrated into nursing practice, education, and research. Keywords: Attachment, Breastfeeding, Nursing, Human Caring Theory, Self-compassion, Compassion
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