Publication: Azerbaycan'daki Alban Kiliseleri
Abstract
III. yüzyıl tarihinde başlatılan Güney Kafkas devletlerinde misyonerlik çalışmalarının hızla devam etmesinin ardından Hıristiyanlık resmen kabul edilmiştir. Yönetimler kendi kilise kurallarını, dilini, yeni kültürünü oluşturmakla beraber, zaman zaman birlikte hareket ederek Hıristiyanlığı pekiştirmiştir. İlk zamanlarda Batı ve daha sonra Doğu Avrupa'daki Hıristiyan kurallarına göre şekillenen Güney Kafkas dini görüşleri, bir noktadan sonra bu kanonlara da karşı gelerek, kendine özgü biçim dili oluşturmayı başarmıştır. Yine de sonuç olarak her üç medeniyetin Hristiyanlık kültürü birbiriyle harmanlanmış ve özgün mimari öğeleri ortaya çıkarmıştır. I. yüzyılda Kudüs'te doğan Hıristiyanlık dininin hızla yayılarak kültür haline geldiği noktalardan biri Güney Kafkas coğrafyasında Antik zamanlardan VII. yüzyıla kadar mevcut olmuş Alban devletiydi. Kafkasya'da Hz. İsa'nın Havarilerinden biri olarak bilinen Eliseus tarafından inşa edilen ilk Hıristiyan yapısı olan Kiş Kilise'si Alban Devletinin sınırlarında yer almaktaydı. Günümüzde müze olarak hizmet veren Kiş'te arkeolojik kazılar sonrası ortaya çıkarılan katakomplardan Viking insanına benzer kalıntılar bulunmuştur. Norveç'li bilim insanlaının çalışmaları sonrası Alban halklarının bir kısmının Viking soyuna mensup olabileceği tesptit edilmiştir. Devletteki ilk kiliseler pagan tapınakları üzerine inşa olunmuştur. Bu sebeple bazı yapılarda kiliseden çok antik tapınak özellikleri görmek mümkündür. IV. yüzyıla kadar bu topraklarda ilk önce Havariler, sonrasında Alban hükümdarları tarafından yüzlerce kilise inşa edilmiştir. IV. yüzyılda Hıristiyanlığın Alban hükümdarı Urnayır tarafından resmi devlet dini olarak kabul edilmesinin ardından eski kiliselere apsis, sunak kısmı gibi eklemelerle yeni mabetler yapılmıştır. Alban devletindeki kiliselerin bazıları günümüzde Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti'nin topraklarında yer almaktadır. Yapılardan sadece yedi adet kiliseyi incelemek mümkün olmuştur. Diğer kiliselerde savaş sonrası mayın tehlikesi olduğundan ve günümüze arkeolojik kalıntılar halinde ulaştığından dolayı inceleme yapılamamıştır. Yapılarda genellikle ikonografik tasvirlerden yoksunluk, iç mekânın yalınlığı ve Avrupa üslup özellikleriyle benzerlik görülmektedir.
Following the rapid progression of missionary work in the South Caucasian states, which began in the 3rd century, Christianity was officially accepted. While the rulers created their own church rules, languages, and new cultures, they also acted together from time to time to reinforce Christianity. Initially shaped by the Christian rules of Western and later Eastern Europe, the South Caucasian religious views at some point started to oppose these canons also and managed to create their own unique formal language. Nevertheless, as a result, the Christian culture of all three civilizations blended with each other and produced original architectural elements. One of the places where Christianity, which was born in Jerusalem in the 1st century, spread rapidly and became a culture was the Albanian state, which existed in the South Caucasus from ancient times to the 7th century. The first Christian structure in the Caucasus, the Church of Kish, built by Eliseus, known as one of the Apostles of Jesus Christ, was located within the borders of the Albanian State. In the catacombs unearthed after archaeological excavations in Kish, which now serves as a museum, remains resembling Viking people were found. After the studies of Norwegian scientists, it was determined that some of the Albanian people may have been of Viking descent. The first churches in the state were built on pagan temples. Hence, some structures show characteristics similar to ancient temples rather than churches. Hundreds of churches were built in these lands by the 4th century, first by the Apostles and subsequently by the Albanian rulers. After Christianity was accepted as the official state religion by the Albanian ruler Urnayır in the 4th century, new temples were built with additions such as apses and altars to the old churches. Some of the churches in the Albanian state are located in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan today. It was possible to examine only seven of the churches. The others could not be examined due to the mine danger after the war and because some survived only as archaeological remains. The structures show the lack of iconographic depictions, the simplicity of the interior and similarities to European style features.
Following the rapid progression of missionary work in the South Caucasian states, which began in the 3rd century, Christianity was officially accepted. While the rulers created their own church rules, languages, and new cultures, they also acted together from time to time to reinforce Christianity. Initially shaped by the Christian rules of Western and later Eastern Europe, the South Caucasian religious views at some point started to oppose these canons also and managed to create their own unique formal language. Nevertheless, as a result, the Christian culture of all three civilizations blended with each other and produced original architectural elements. One of the places where Christianity, which was born in Jerusalem in the 1st century, spread rapidly and became a culture was the Albanian state, which existed in the South Caucasus from ancient times to the 7th century. The first Christian structure in the Caucasus, the Church of Kish, built by Eliseus, known as one of the Apostles of Jesus Christ, was located within the borders of the Albanian State. In the catacombs unearthed after archaeological excavations in Kish, which now serves as a museum, remains resembling Viking people were found. After the studies of Norwegian scientists, it was determined that some of the Albanian people may have been of Viking descent. The first churches in the state were built on pagan temples. Hence, some structures show characteristics similar to ancient temples rather than churches. Hundreds of churches were built in these lands by the 4th century, first by the Apostles and subsequently by the Albanian rulers. After Christianity was accepted as the official state religion by the Albanian ruler Urnayır in the 4th century, new temples were built with additions such as apses and altars to the old churches. Some of the churches in the Albanian state are located in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan today. It was possible to examine only seven of the churches. The others could not be examined due to the mine danger after the war and because some survived only as archaeological remains. The structures show the lack of iconographic depictions, the simplicity of the interior and similarities to European style features.
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