Publication: Kenevir Atık Tozu İçeren Polipropilen Matriksli Termoplastik Kompozitlerin Mekanik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması
Abstract
Doğal katkılı malzemeler, piyasada kullanılan sentetik malzemelere kıyasla çevre dostu ve sürdürülebilir olmaları ile öne çıkmaktadır. Çeşitli özellikler bakımından zayıf olan polimerlerin mekanik özelliklerini iyileştirmek için doğal elyaf takviyeli kompozit malzemeler hazırlanmaktadır. Doğal liflerden biri olan kenevir lifleri dayanıklı ve sürdürülebilir olması açısından binlerce çeşit kompozit malzemenin üretilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Polimer malzemelerin yüksek mekanik özelliklere sahip, düşük maliyetli ve çevre dostu olması için doğal liflerle takviye edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada kenevir ve deniz kabuğu (CaCO3) tozu içeren polipropilen matrisli termoplastik kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerinin ve sürdürülebilirliklerinin geliştirilmesine odaklanılmıştır. Farklı oranlarda MAPP, kenevir tozu, deniz kabuğu tozu (CaCO3) ve PP kullanılarak karışımlar hazırlanmış ve çeşitli işlemlere tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışmada üretim yöntemi olarak sıcak pres, ekstrüder ve enjeksiyon yöntemi kullanılarak numuneler üretilmiştir. SEM analizi yapılarak tozların partikül dağılımı ve bağlanma durumları incelenmiştir. FTIR analizi ile üretilen numunelerin kimyasal yapısı tespit edilmiştir. Numunelerin ağırlık kaybı davranışı ve termal stabilitesi TGA analizi ile gözlenmiştir. Mekanik test (çekme, eğme, darbe) için hazırlanan numuneler ekstrüderde granül olarak üretilmiş, plastik enjeksiyon cihazında da kalıplanmıştır. Mekanik test sonuçları incelendiğinde en yüksek çekme mukavemeti (26,23 MPa) 2M_10H_88PP numunesinden, en yüksek çekme modülü (1,44 GPa) 20H_80PP numunesinden elde edilmiştir. Numune içerisine kenevir katkısının eklenmesi saf PP numunesine göre çekme dayanımında artışa neden olmuştur. Eğme sonuçları incelendiğinde en yüksek eğme mukavemeti (32,45 MPa) ve en yüksek eğme modülü (0,515 GPa) 30H_70PP numunesinde gözlenmiştir. Saf PP'nin ekstrüderlenmesi eğme mukavemeti ve eğme modülünde artışa neden olmuştur. Darbe sonuçları incelendiğinde en iyi sonuçların kırılma enerjisi 2,76 J ve kırılma açısı 157,20o olan Saf PP_EKST numunesinde olduğu görülmüştür. Darbe dayanımı sonuçları incelendiğinde MAPP katkılı numuneler kenevir katkılı numunelere göre daha iyi sonuçlar göstermiştir ancak ekstrüderlenmiş saf PP numunesi en iyi darbe dayanımına sahip numune olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, kompozitlerde takviye fazı olarak kenevirin kullanılması polimer matrisine üstün mekanik özellikler kazandırmaktadır.
Natural additive materials stand out with their environmental friendliness and sustainability compared to synthetic materials used in the market. Natural fiber reinforced composite materials are prepared to improve the mechanical properties of polymers that are weak in terms of various properties. Hemp fibers, one of the natural fibers, are used in the production of thousands of types of composite materials in terms of their durability and sustainability. In order to have high mechanical properties, environmentally friendly and low cost in polymer materials, they should be reinforced with natural fibers. This study will focused on the development of mechanical properties and sustainability of polypropylene matrix thermoplastic composites containing hemp and seashell (CaCO3) powder. Mixtures were prepared using different proportions of MAPP, hemp powder, seashell powder (CaCO3) and PP and subjected to various processes. In the study, samples were produced using hot press, extruder and injection methods as production methods. Particle distribution and bonding conditions of the powders were examined by SEM analysis. The chemical structure of the produced samples was determined by FTIR analysis. The weight loss behavior and thermal stability of the samples were observed by TGA analysis. Samples prepared for mechanical testing (tensile, bending, impact) were produced as granules in the extruder and molded in the plastic injection device. When the mechanical test results were examined, the highest tensile strength (26.23 MPa) was obtained from the 2M_10H_88PP sample, the highest tensile modulus (1.44 GPa) was obtained from the 20H_80PP sample. Addition of hemp additive to the sample caused an increase in tensile strength compared to the pure PP sample. When the bending results were examined, the highest bending strength (32.45 MPa) and the highest bending modulus (0.515 GPa) were observed in the 30H_70PP sample. Extrusion of pure PP caused an increase in bending strength and bending modulus. When the impact results were examined, it was seen that the best results were in the Pure PP_EKST sample with a fracture energy of 2.76 J and a fracture angle of 157.20o. When the impact strength results were examined, the MAPP-added samples showed better results than the hemp-added samples, but the extruded pure PP sample was the sample with the best impact strength. As a result, the use of hemp as a reinforcement phase in composites provides superior mechanical properties to the polymer matrix.
Natural additive materials stand out with their environmental friendliness and sustainability compared to synthetic materials used in the market. Natural fiber reinforced composite materials are prepared to improve the mechanical properties of polymers that are weak in terms of various properties. Hemp fibers, one of the natural fibers, are used in the production of thousands of types of composite materials in terms of their durability and sustainability. In order to have high mechanical properties, environmentally friendly and low cost in polymer materials, they should be reinforced with natural fibers. This study will focused on the development of mechanical properties and sustainability of polypropylene matrix thermoplastic composites containing hemp and seashell (CaCO3) powder. Mixtures were prepared using different proportions of MAPP, hemp powder, seashell powder (CaCO3) and PP and subjected to various processes. In the study, samples were produced using hot press, extruder and injection methods as production methods. Particle distribution and bonding conditions of the powders were examined by SEM analysis. The chemical structure of the produced samples was determined by FTIR analysis. The weight loss behavior and thermal stability of the samples were observed by TGA analysis. Samples prepared for mechanical testing (tensile, bending, impact) were produced as granules in the extruder and molded in the plastic injection device. When the mechanical test results were examined, the highest tensile strength (26.23 MPa) was obtained from the 2M_10H_88PP sample, the highest tensile modulus (1.44 GPa) was obtained from the 20H_80PP sample. Addition of hemp additive to the sample caused an increase in tensile strength compared to the pure PP sample. When the bending results were examined, the highest bending strength (32.45 MPa) and the highest bending modulus (0.515 GPa) were observed in the 30H_70PP sample. Extrusion of pure PP caused an increase in bending strength and bending modulus. When the impact results were examined, it was seen that the best results were in the Pure PP_EKST sample with a fracture energy of 2.76 J and a fracture angle of 157.20o. When the impact strength results were examined, the MAPP-added samples showed better results than the hemp-added samples, but the extruded pure PP sample was the sample with the best impact strength. As a result, the use of hemp as a reinforcement phase in composites provides superior mechanical properties to the polymer matrix.
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Keywords
Metalurji Mühendisliği, Mühendislik Bilimleri, Polimer Bilim ve Teknolojisi, Biyokompozit, Metallurgical Engineering, Biyokompozit Substrat, Engineering Sciences, Polymer Science and Technology, Doğal Elyaf Takviyeli Kompozit, Biocomposite, Biocomposite Substrates, Lifli Kompozitler, Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite, Fiber Composites, Plastik Enjeksiyon, Plastic Injection
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