Publication: Ghrelin ve Kannabinoid Cb1 Reseptör Agonist ve Antagonistlerinin Penisilinle Oluşturulan Epileptik Sıçan Beyin Dokularındaki Oksidan
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Epilepsi, mental ve fiziksel fonksiyon bozukluğuna yol açabilen, tekrarlayan nöbetlerle karakterize yaygın nörolojik bir hastalıktır. Oksidatif stresin, epilepsi oluşumunda ve nöbet sonrası oluşan nöronal ölümde önemli rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Ghrelin ve kanabinoidlerin nöbet aktivitesine karşı antiepileptik etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ancak bu iki sistemin birlikte mi yoksa bağımsız olarak mı epilepside rol aldığı bilinmemektedir. Bu tezin amacı, ayrı ayrı ghrelin ve kanabinoid tip 1 (CB1) reseptör agonisti (ACEA) ve antagonisti (AM-251)'in, hem de bu iki ayrı sistemin etkileşiminin oksidan ve antioksidan sisteme etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışmada her grupta 8 adet olmak üzere toplam 56 rat kullanıldı. Grup 1: kontrol, Grup 2: penisilin (500 IU, ic) grubu, Grup 3: penisilin (500 IU ic) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv) grubu, Grup 4: penisilin (500 IU ic) + AM-251 (0,25 ?g, icv) grubu, Grup 5: penisilin (500 IU ic) + ACEA (7,5 ?g, icv) grubu, Grup 6: penisilin (500 IU ic) + AM-251 (0,25 ?g, icv) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv) grubu, Grup 7: penisilin (500 IU ic) + ACEA (7,5 ?g, icv) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv) grubu olarak oluşturuldu. Çalışmamızın sonunda serum ve doku örneklerinde (beyin, beyincik, beyin sapı), lipid peroksidasyon ürünü olan malondialdehit (MDA), antioksidan enzimlerden, glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) ve süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) düzeyleri ölçülerek istatiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Grup 1 (Kontrol) ile grup 2 (penisilin) karşılaştırıldığında penisilin; beyin, beyincik ve beyin sapında MDA düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışa sebep oldu (p<0.05). Plazmada ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilemedi. Yine bu gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmada beyin ve beyincik dokularında SOD ve GPx düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalma tespit edildi (p<0.05). Beyin sapında ise GPx düzeyinde azalma varken SOD düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişim görülmedi. Grup 2 (penisilin) ile grup 3 (penisilin + ghrelin) karşılaştırıldığında ghrelin, beyin ve beyincik dokusunda MDA düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalmaya sebep olurken (p<0.05), beyin sapında istatistiksel bir fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). Yine bu gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmada ghrelinin, beyinde SOD ile GPX aktivitesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışa sebep olurken (p<0.05), beyincikte ve beyin sapında ise enzim düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklik yapmadığı tespit edildi (p>0.05). Grup 2 (penisilin) ile grup 4 (penisilin + AM251) karşılaştırıldığında beyin, beyincik ve beyin sapı dokusunda AM251, MDA düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışa neden oldu (p<0.05). Yine bu iki grup karşılaştırıldığında AM251 beyin, beyincik ve beyin sapı dokularında SOD ve GPX aktivitesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklik yapmamıştır (p>0.05). Grup 2 (penisilin) ile grup 5 (penisilin + ACEA) karşılaştırıldığında beyin ve beyincik dokusunda ACEA, MDA düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalmaya sebep olurken (p<0.05), beyin sapında istatistiksel bir fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). Yine bu gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmada ACEA, beyinde GPX aktivitesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışa sebep olurken (p<0.05), SOD düzeylerinde istatistiksel bir farklılık görülmedi. Beyincik ve beyin sapında ise GPx ve SOD düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişiklik yapmadığı tespit edildi (p>0.05). Grup 4 (penisilin + AM251) ile grup 6 (penisilin + AM251 + ghrelin) karşılaştırıldığında ghrelin, beyin ve beyincik dokusunda MDA düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalmaya sebep olurken (p<0.05), beyin sapında istatistiksel bir fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). Yine bu gruplar karşılaştırıldığında ghrelin, beyinde SOD ve GPx aktivitesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışa sebep olurken (p<0.05), beyincik ve beyin sapında istatistiksel bir fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). Grup 5 (penisilin + ACEA) ile grup 7 (penisilin + ACEA + ghrelin) karşılaştırıldığında ghrelin, beyin, beyincik ve beyin sapı dokularında MDA düzeyinde ve enzim aktivitelerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilemedi (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, çalışmamızda penisilinin beyin, beyincik ve beyin sapı dokusunda lipit peroksidasyonuna sebep olduğu tespit edildi. Yine antikonvülzan etki gösteren ghrelin ve ACEA' nın beyin ve beyincik dokularında penisilinin sebep olduğu oksidatif hasarın geri çevrilmesinde etkin olduğu, prokonvülzan AM251'in beyin, beyincik ve beyin sapında penisilinle oluşan oksidatif stresi daha da artırdığı belirlendi. Ayrıca ghrelinin beyin ve beyincik dokusunda AM251' in oluşturduğu oksidatif stresi baskıladığını, ACEA'nın oluşturduğu antioksidan etkiye ilave bir katkı sağlamadığı saptandı. Epilepsi patogenezinde oksidatif stresin rolü bilindiğinden ghrelin ve ACEA'nın epilepside antioksidan özellikleriyle antikonvülzan etki gösteriyor olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Yapılacak yeni çalışmalarla vücutta endojen olarak bulunan ghrelin ve kanabinoidleri metabolize eden enzimlerin inhibitörleri keşfedilerek epilepside oluşan konvülziyon direnci artırılabilir.
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which may lead to mental and physical dysfunction. Oxidative stress is thought to play a role in the development of epilepsy and in neuronal death following seizures. Ghrelin and cannabinoids are shown to be effective against seizure activity as antiepileptics. However, it is not clear whether these two systems play a role cooperatively or independently in epilepsy. The aim of this study is to investigate individually the effects of ghrelin and cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonist (ACEA) and the antagonist (AM-251) and the interaction of these two different systems on oxidant and antioxidant systems. In this study we used a total of 56 rats where each group consisted of 8 rats. Groups were as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: penicillin (500 IU, ic), Group 3: penicillin (500 IU ic) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv), Group 4: penicillin (500 IU ic) + AM-251 (0.25 ?g, icv), Group 5: penicillin (500 IU ic) + ACEA (7.5 ?g, icv), Group 6: penicillin (500 IU ic) + AM-251 (0.25 ?g, icv) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv), Group 7: penicillin (500 IU ic) + ACEA (7.5 ?g, icv) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv). At the end of this study we measured the levels of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma and tissue samples (brain, cerebellum, and brain stem) and then statistically analyzed these measures. The comparison of Group 1 (control) and Group 2 (penicillin) revealed that penicillin caused statistically significant increases in MDA levels in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem (p< 0.05). However no significant difference was found in plasma levels. The comparison of same groups also revealed significant decreases in SOD and GPx levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p< 0.05). In the brain stem, no significant change was found in SOD levels where GPx levels were found to be decreased significantly. Comparison of Group 2 (penicillin) and Group 3 (penicillin+ghrelin) revealed that ghrelin caused significant decreases in MDA levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p< 0.05) whereas it did not lead to a significant change in the brain stem (p>0.05). The comparison of the same groups also suggested that ghrelin caused significant increases in SOD and GPx levels in the brain (p< 0.05) whereas it did not cause any significant changes in the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). The comparison of Group 2 (penicillin) and Group 4 (penicillin+AM251) showed that AM251 caused significant increases in MDA levels in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem (p<0.05). Same comparison also revealed that AM251 caused no significant changes in SOD and GPx levels in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem tissues (p>0.05). ACEA was found to cause significant decreases in MDA levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p<0.05) whereas it caused no statistically significant changes in MDA levels in the brain stem in the comparison of Group 2 (penicillin) and Group 5 (penicillin+ACEA). In the same comparison, ACEA also was shown to lead to a significant increase in the GPx activity in the brain (p<0.05) whereas it did not cause a significant change in SOD levels. It also caused no significant changes in GPx and SOD levels in the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). Ghrelin was found to cause significant decreases in MDA levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p<0.05) whereas it did not lead to any changes in the brain stem (p>0.05) in the comparison of Group 4 (penicillin+AM251) and Group 6 (penicillin+AM251+ghrelin). Ghrelin also was shown to cause significant increases in SOD and GPx levels in the brain (p<0.05) while it did not cause significant changes in the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). In the comparison of Group 5 (penicillin+ACEA) and Group 7 (penicillin+ACEA+ghrelin) ghrelin did not cause significant changes neither in MDA levels nor in enzyme activities in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). In conclusion, penicillin was found to induce lipid peroxidation in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem tissues in our study. Ghrelin and ACEA, which both have anticonvulsant effects, were shown to be effective in reversing the oxidative damage caused by penicillin and proconvulsant AM251 was found to further increase the oxidative stress caused by penicillin in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem. Ghrelin also was found to suppress the oxidative stress caused by AM251 in the cerebellum tissue but it did not contribute to antioxidant effects produced by ACEA. Since the role of oxidative stress in epilepsy has been established, it may be suggested that ghrelin and ACEA may have anticonvulsant effects via their antioxidant features. The discovery of inhibitors for enzymes that metabolize endogenous ghrelin and cannabinoids through new studies may contribute to the improvement of seizure resistance in epilepsy.
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which may lead to mental and physical dysfunction. Oxidative stress is thought to play a role in the development of epilepsy and in neuronal death following seizures. Ghrelin and cannabinoids are shown to be effective against seizure activity as antiepileptics. However, it is not clear whether these two systems play a role cooperatively or independently in epilepsy. The aim of this study is to investigate individually the effects of ghrelin and cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor agonist (ACEA) and the antagonist (AM-251) and the interaction of these two different systems on oxidant and antioxidant systems. In this study we used a total of 56 rats where each group consisted of 8 rats. Groups were as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: penicillin (500 IU, ic), Group 3: penicillin (500 IU ic) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv), Group 4: penicillin (500 IU ic) + AM-251 (0.25 ?g, icv), Group 5: penicillin (500 IU ic) + ACEA (7.5 ?g, icv), Group 6: penicillin (500 IU ic) + AM-251 (0.25 ?g, icv) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv), Group 7: penicillin (500 IU ic) + ACEA (7.5 ?g, icv) + ghrelin (1 ?g, icv). At the end of this study we measured the levels of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma and tissue samples (brain, cerebellum, and brain stem) and then statistically analyzed these measures. The comparison of Group 1 (control) and Group 2 (penicillin) revealed that penicillin caused statistically significant increases in MDA levels in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem (p< 0.05). However no significant difference was found in plasma levels. The comparison of same groups also revealed significant decreases in SOD and GPx levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p< 0.05). In the brain stem, no significant change was found in SOD levels where GPx levels were found to be decreased significantly. Comparison of Group 2 (penicillin) and Group 3 (penicillin+ghrelin) revealed that ghrelin caused significant decreases in MDA levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p< 0.05) whereas it did not lead to a significant change in the brain stem (p>0.05). The comparison of the same groups also suggested that ghrelin caused significant increases in SOD and GPx levels in the brain (p< 0.05) whereas it did not cause any significant changes in the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). The comparison of Group 2 (penicillin) and Group 4 (penicillin+AM251) showed that AM251 caused significant increases in MDA levels in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem (p<0.05). Same comparison also revealed that AM251 caused no significant changes in SOD and GPx levels in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem tissues (p>0.05). ACEA was found to cause significant decreases in MDA levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p<0.05) whereas it caused no statistically significant changes in MDA levels in the brain stem in the comparison of Group 2 (penicillin) and Group 5 (penicillin+ACEA). In the same comparison, ACEA also was shown to lead to a significant increase in the GPx activity in the brain (p<0.05) whereas it did not cause a significant change in SOD levels. It also caused no significant changes in GPx and SOD levels in the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). Ghrelin was found to cause significant decreases in MDA levels in the brain and the cerebellum tissues (p<0.05) whereas it did not lead to any changes in the brain stem (p>0.05) in the comparison of Group 4 (penicillin+AM251) and Group 6 (penicillin+AM251+ghrelin). Ghrelin also was shown to cause significant increases in SOD and GPx levels in the brain (p<0.05) while it did not cause significant changes in the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). In the comparison of Group 5 (penicillin+ACEA) and Group 7 (penicillin+ACEA+ghrelin) ghrelin did not cause significant changes neither in MDA levels nor in enzyme activities in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem (p>0.05). In conclusion, penicillin was found to induce lipid peroxidation in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem tissues in our study. Ghrelin and ACEA, which both have anticonvulsant effects, were shown to be effective in reversing the oxidative damage caused by penicillin and proconvulsant AM251 was found to further increase the oxidative stress caused by penicillin in the brain, the cerebellum and the brain stem. Ghrelin also was found to suppress the oxidative stress caused by AM251 in the cerebellum tissue but it did not contribute to antioxidant effects produced by ACEA. Since the role of oxidative stress in epilepsy has been established, it may be suggested that ghrelin and ACEA may have anticonvulsant effects via their antioxidant features. The discovery of inhibitors for enzymes that metabolize endogenous ghrelin and cannabinoids through new studies may contribute to the improvement of seizure resistance in epilepsy.
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Tez (tıpta uzmanlık) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2013
Libra Kayıt No: 105483
Libra Kayıt No: 105483
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