Publication: Turizmin Kırsal Yerleşmeler Üzerindeki (Sosyal, Kültürel ve Çevresel) Etkisi: Macahel Örneği
Abstract
Kırsal yerleşim yerlerinde günümüzde turizm sektörü, önemli bir gelir kaynağı olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Kırsal yerleşim yerlerinde turizm, yörenin sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel yapısı üzerinde önemli etkiler yaratmaktadır. Sosyal etkileri, yerel halkın yaşam tarzına etkisi, kültürel alışveriş sayesinde topluluklar arasındaki bağlar güçlendirilebilir. Ekonomik etkileri, yerel halka istihdam yaratır, ekonomik gelir kaynaklarını çeşitlendirerek yörenin kırsal kalkınmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Çevresel etkileri, yörenin aşırı turist akımından kaynaklanan doğal kaynakların aşırı kullanımı ve çevresel kirlilik gibi sorunlara yol açabilecektir. Bu nedenle, kırsal yerleşim alanlarında turizmin sürdürülebilir bir şekilde yönetilmesi önemli bir unsurdur. Yörede turizmin etkileri ve potansiyeli değerlendirildiğinde; doğal ve kültürel mirasın korunması, yerel kalkınmanın sağlanması, yerel halkın katılımı ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması gibi birçok olumlu etkinin olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın araştırma evreni, 2005 yılında UNESCO tarafından Türkiye'nin ilk ve tek biyosfer rezerv alanı olarak ilan edilen Artvin ili Borçka ilçesindeki Macahel yöresidir. Macahel, zengin doğal güzellikleri ve kültürel mirası ile öne çıkmaktadır. Yörede yapılan arazi değerlendirmeleri ile turizm faaliyetlerinin yöre halkı, işletmeler ve turistler üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak amacıyla kapsamlı bir saha araştırması gerçekleştirilmiş; veriler, nitel araştırma tekniklerinden 'yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu' ile toplanarak nitel analiz teknikleriyle incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda ilgili literatür taranmış ve görüşme soruları bu çerçevede hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında veri toplamak için mülakat tekniği kullanılmış; çalışma alanı ziyaret edilerek hazırlanan görüşme formu aracılığıyla yerel halk, turizm işletmecileri, yöreyi ziyaret eden turistler ve yerel yöneticilerle yüz yüze mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Araştırma, turizmin kırsal kalkınmayı desteklerken doğal çevrenin korunması gerekliliğini de ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, yerel halkın kültürünün korunmasına yönelik çeşitli çalışmaların yapılması ve yerel halkın turizmden adil bir pay alması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Araştırmanın temel amacı, turizmin başarılı bir şekilde yönetilmesi için gerekli stratejik önerileri sunarak, sürdürülebilir turizm politikalarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamaktır. Çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiş olup, yöredeki gözlemler ve ilgili literatür incelenerek yürütülmüştür. Araştırma kapsamında, yerel halkla yapılan görüşmelerde sürdürülebilir turizm ve yerel kalkınma konuları ele alınmıştır. Aynı zamanda, yöredeki doğal ve kültürel değerlerin korunmasına ilişkin stratejiler üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmanın bulguları, turizmin kırsal yerleşimlerde dengeli bir kalkınma sağlaması ve çevreyi koruma açısından büyük önem taşıdığını ortaya koymuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler: Macahel, Turizm, Kırsal alanlar, Kırsal Kalkınma, Kırsal Turizm, Sürdürülebilirlik
In rural settlements, the tourism sector stands out as an important source of income today. Tourism in rural settlements creates significant effects on the social, economic and environmental structure of the region. Its social effects, its effect on the lifestyle of the local people, and the bonds between communities can be strengthened through cultural exchange. Its economic effects create employment for the local people and play an important role in the rural development of the region by diversifying economic income sources. Its environmental effects may lead to problems such as excessive use of natural resources and environmental pollution caused by the excessive tourist flow of the region. Therefore, sustainable management of tourism in rural settlements is an important element. When the effects and potential of tourism in the region are evaluated; it is seen that there are many positive effects such as the protection of natural and cultural heritage, ensuring local development, participation of the local people and ensuring environmental sustainability. The research universe of this study is the Macahel region located in Borcka district of Artvin province, which was declared as the first and only biosphere reserve area of Turkey by UNESCO in 2005. The Macahel region attracts attention with its rich natural beauties and cultural heritage. In order to understand the effects of tourism activities on the local people, businesses and tourists with land assessments in the region, a comprehensive field research was conducted and obtained through the 'semi-structured interview form' from qualitative research techniques and examined using qualitative analysis techniques. Interview technique was used to collect data within the scope of the research. The study area will be visited, face-to-face interviews were conducted with local people, tourism operators, tourists visiting the region and local administrators using the prepared interview form. The research also reveals the necessity of protecting the natural environment while tourism supports rural development. In this direction, it is emphasized that various studies should be carried out to protect the culture of the local people and that the local people should receive a fair share from tourism. The main purpose of the research is to contribute to the development of sustainable tourism policies by presenting the necessary strategic suggestions for the successful management of tourism. The study was carried out using the qualitative research method and was carried out by examining the observations in the region and the relevant literature. Within the scope of the research, sustainable tourism and local development issues were discussed in the interviews with the local people. At the same time, strategies regarding the protection of natural and cultural values in the region were emphasized. The findings of the research revealed that tourism is of great importance in terms of ensuring balanced development in rural settlements and protecting the environment. Keywords: Macahel, Tourism, Rural areas, Rural Development, Rural Tourism, Sustainability
In rural settlements, the tourism sector stands out as an important source of income today. Tourism in rural settlements creates significant effects on the social, economic and environmental structure of the region. Its social effects, its effect on the lifestyle of the local people, and the bonds between communities can be strengthened through cultural exchange. Its economic effects create employment for the local people and play an important role in the rural development of the region by diversifying economic income sources. Its environmental effects may lead to problems such as excessive use of natural resources and environmental pollution caused by the excessive tourist flow of the region. Therefore, sustainable management of tourism in rural settlements is an important element. When the effects and potential of tourism in the region are evaluated; it is seen that there are many positive effects such as the protection of natural and cultural heritage, ensuring local development, participation of the local people and ensuring environmental sustainability. The research universe of this study is the Macahel region located in Borcka district of Artvin province, which was declared as the first and only biosphere reserve area of Turkey by UNESCO in 2005. The Macahel region attracts attention with its rich natural beauties and cultural heritage. In order to understand the effects of tourism activities on the local people, businesses and tourists with land assessments in the region, a comprehensive field research was conducted and obtained through the 'semi-structured interview form' from qualitative research techniques and examined using qualitative analysis techniques. Interview technique was used to collect data within the scope of the research. The study area will be visited, face-to-face interviews were conducted with local people, tourism operators, tourists visiting the region and local administrators using the prepared interview form. The research also reveals the necessity of protecting the natural environment while tourism supports rural development. In this direction, it is emphasized that various studies should be carried out to protect the culture of the local people and that the local people should receive a fair share from tourism. The main purpose of the research is to contribute to the development of sustainable tourism policies by presenting the necessary strategic suggestions for the successful management of tourism. The study was carried out using the qualitative research method and was carried out by examining the observations in the region and the relevant literature. Within the scope of the research, sustainable tourism and local development issues were discussed in the interviews with the local people. At the same time, strategies regarding the protection of natural and cultural values in the region were emphasized. The findings of the research revealed that tourism is of great importance in terms of ensuring balanced development in rural settlements and protecting the environment. Keywords: Macahel, Tourism, Rural areas, Rural Development, Rural Tourism, Sustainability
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