Publication: Fırtına Deresi (Rize) Havzasında Dendroklimatolojik Araştırmalar
Abstract
Dünyada değişen iklim özelliklerine bağlı olarak, orman ekosistemini inceleyen araştırmaların sayısı artmaktadır. Türkiye'de nemli-ılıman ve nemli-soğuk iklimlere sahip Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü ormanlarıyla ilgili yapılan dendrokronolojik çalışmalar izlendiğinde sahanın bakir sayılabilecek özellikte olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sebeple Türkiye'nin orman varlığı açısından korunması gereken 9 sıcak noktalardan biri olan Fırtına Deresi Havzası, araştırma sahası olarak seçilmiştir. Yaklaşık 1.150 km²'lik yüzölçümüne sahip havza, kuzeyden Karadeniz, güneyden Kaçkar ve Soğanlı Dağları'nın su bölümü çizgisiyle sınırlandırılmıştır. Havzada, konifer türlere ait iklime duyarlı kronolojiler oluşturmak, küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak farklı yükselti kademelerindeki ağaçların davranışlarını anlamak, ormanların gelecek durumları hakkında bilgi edinmek araştırmanın temel amaçlarındandır. Araştırmada, 8 yörenin 133 canlı ağacından 274 artım kalemi toplanmıştır. Kalemlerin ölçümü LINTAB-TSAP Ölçüm Sistemi ve Cybis 9.7 programıyla yapılmış, dendrokronolojik yöntemlerle analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizlerde en uzun 298 (CEY yöresi), en kısa 144 yıl (MOL yöresi) olmak üzere toplam 8 yöre kronolojisi oluşturulmuştur. Türkiye'nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü'nde yer alan ağaçlara dair yeterli kronolojik veri üretilmemiştir. Bu sebeple Doğu ladini ve Doğu Karadeniz göknarı türleri için oluşturulan yıllık halka kronolojileri, önemli bir alansal boşluğa katkı sağlamıştır. İklim elemanları ve ağaç halkası büyümesi arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde 1.500 m (±100 m) yükseltinin üzerinde büyüme ile sıcaklık arasında, 1.500 m (±100 m) yükseltinin altında ise büyüme ile yağış arasında pozitif bir ilişki görülmüştür. Özellikle ocak-nisan ortalama sıcaklıkları ile ağaç halkası gelişimi ve mayıs ayı yağışları ile ağaç halkası gelişimi arasında pozitif bir korelasyon vardır. Bunun yanında nisan ayı toplam yağışları ile ağaç halkası gelişimi arasında ise negatif korelasyon vardır. Hareketli korelasyon analizlerinde, iklim - yıllık halka büyüme ilişkilerindeki zamansal stabilite incelenmiştir. Çalışma alanında, ağaçların iklime verdiği tepkinin zaman içerisinde stabil olmadığı görülmüştür. Bu durum, havzada sıcaklık, yağış ve akım rökonstrüksiyonlarının gerçekleştirilememesine neden olmuştur. GAMM analizinin sonucu olarak, ocak-nisan aylarındaki 0 °C – 2 °C arası ortalama sıcaklıkların ve ocak-şubat aylarındaki yaklaşık 60 – 100 mm arası toplam yağışların, ladin türü büyümesini olumlu yönde etkilediği ve yıllık halka üretmede kritik eşik değerleri oluşturduğu anlaşılmıştır. Araştırmadaki tüm bulgular, orman ekosisteminin iklim değişikliğinden nasıl etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Bu hususta iklim değişikliğine uyum ve iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin azaltılması kapsamında planlar ve uygulamalar yapacak olan ekosistemleri yönetenlere ve politikacılara önemli altlık sağlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, küresel iklim değişimi göz önüne alınarak, ağaç halkası ağının zamansal ve mekânsal kapsamını iyileştiren çalışmaların arttırılması elzemdir.
Depending on changing climate characteristics on the earth, the number of studies examining the forest ecosystem has been increasing. When the dendrochronological studies on the forests of the Eastern Black Sea Region, which have humid-temperate and humid-cold climates in Turkey, are followed, it is seen that the area can be considered untouched. For this reason, Fırtına River Basin, which is one of 9 hotspots that should be protected in terms of Turkey's forest assets, was chosen as the research area. The basin, which has a surface area of approximately 1.150 km², is bordered by the Black Sea from the north, and the water section of the Kaçkar and Soğanlı Mountains from the south. Creating climate-sensitive chronologies of coniferous species in the basin, understanding the behavior of trees at different altitudes depending on global climate change, and obtaining information about the future circumstances of forests are among the main objectives of the research. In the research, 274 tree-ring core samples were collected from 133 living trees in 8 regions. The measurement of tree-ring core samples was made with the LINTAB-TSAP Measurement System and the Cybis 9.7 program, and analyzes were carried out with dendrochronological methods. In analyzes, a total of 8 regional chronologies were created, the longest being 298 (CEY region) and the shortest 144 years (MOL region). Adequate chronological data on the trees in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey have not been produced. For this reason, annual ring chronologies for Picea orientalis and Abies nordmanniana contributed to the field. When the relationship between climatic elements and tree ring growth was examined, a positive relationship was observed between growth and temperature above 1.500 m (±100 m) altitude, and between growth and precipitation below 1.500 m (±100 m) altitude. There is a positive correlation between January-April average temperatures and tree ring development, and between May precipitation and tree ring development. In addition, there is a negative correlation between total precipitation in April and tree ring development. In moving correlation analyses, temporal stability in the relationship between climate and annual ring growth was examined. In the study area, it was observed that the response of the trees to the climate was not stable over time. This has resulted in the inability to perform temperature, precipitation and flow reconstructions in the basin. As a result of GAMM analysis, it was understood that the average temperatures between 0 °C and 2 °C in January-April and the total precipitation between about 60-100 mm in January-February affected picea orientalis growth positively and created critical threshold values for annual ring production. All findings in the research showed how the forest ecosystem was affected by climate change. In this regard, important data has been provided to those who manage ecosystems and policy makers who will make plans and practices within the scope of adaptation to climate change and mitigation of the effects of climate change. Therefore, taking into account global climate change, it is essential to increase studies that improve the temporal and spatial extent of the tree ring network.
Depending on changing climate characteristics on the earth, the number of studies examining the forest ecosystem has been increasing. When the dendrochronological studies on the forests of the Eastern Black Sea Region, which have humid-temperate and humid-cold climates in Turkey, are followed, it is seen that the area can be considered untouched. For this reason, Fırtına River Basin, which is one of 9 hotspots that should be protected in terms of Turkey's forest assets, was chosen as the research area. The basin, which has a surface area of approximately 1.150 km², is bordered by the Black Sea from the north, and the water section of the Kaçkar and Soğanlı Mountains from the south. Creating climate-sensitive chronologies of coniferous species in the basin, understanding the behavior of trees at different altitudes depending on global climate change, and obtaining information about the future circumstances of forests are among the main objectives of the research. In the research, 274 tree-ring core samples were collected from 133 living trees in 8 regions. The measurement of tree-ring core samples was made with the LINTAB-TSAP Measurement System and the Cybis 9.7 program, and analyzes were carried out with dendrochronological methods. In analyzes, a total of 8 regional chronologies were created, the longest being 298 (CEY region) and the shortest 144 years (MOL region). Adequate chronological data on the trees in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey have not been produced. For this reason, annual ring chronologies for Picea orientalis and Abies nordmanniana contributed to the field. When the relationship between climatic elements and tree ring growth was examined, a positive relationship was observed between growth and temperature above 1.500 m (±100 m) altitude, and between growth and precipitation below 1.500 m (±100 m) altitude. There is a positive correlation between January-April average temperatures and tree ring development, and between May precipitation and tree ring development. In addition, there is a negative correlation between total precipitation in April and tree ring development. In moving correlation analyses, temporal stability in the relationship between climate and annual ring growth was examined. In the study area, it was observed that the response of the trees to the climate was not stable over time. This has resulted in the inability to perform temperature, precipitation and flow reconstructions in the basin. As a result of GAMM analysis, it was understood that the average temperatures between 0 °C and 2 °C in January-April and the total precipitation between about 60-100 mm in January-February affected picea orientalis growth positively and created critical threshold values for annual ring production. All findings in the research showed how the forest ecosystem was affected by climate change. In this regard, important data has been provided to those who manage ecosystems and policy makers who will make plans and practices within the scope of adaptation to climate change and mitigation of the effects of climate change. Therefore, taking into account global climate change, it is essential to increase studies that improve the temporal and spatial extent of the tree ring network.
Description
Keywords
Botanik, Coğrafya, Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği, Coğrafya, Dendroklimatoloji, Botany, Fırtına Vadisi, Geography, Forestry and Forest Engineering, Fırtına Deresi, Geography, Dendroclimatology, Rize, Fırtına Valley, Fırtına Stream, İklim Değişikliği, Rize, Climate Change, İklim Özellikleri, Climate Properties
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