Bloodstream Infections: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Resistance Profiles in a University Hospital: A Five-Year Cross-Sectional Analysis

Abstract

Aim: Bloodstream infections present a significant healthcare challenge, causing substantial morbidity and mortality despite advancements in antimicrobial therapy. This study, conducted at the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic at Ondokuz Mayis University (OMU), aimed to evaluate epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, infectious agents, and resistance profiles in hospitalized patients with bloodstream infections. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional prospective analysis encompassed adult patients admitted to OMU between 2015 and 2019. Data included susceptibility tests, infection focus, treatments, and patient survival. Patients were categorized as having bacteremia or sepsis. Blood culture samples were collected with strict sterile procedures. Results: Of the 100 patients, 47 had community -acquired infections, and 53 had nosocomial infections. The most common community -acquired focus was the urinary system (42.6%), and the most common nosocomial focus was intravenous catheters (43.4%). Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most common causative microorganism, with 23% prevalence. Extended -spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was detected in E. coli (34.7%) and multi -drug resistance in 47.8%. Klebsiella spp. exhibited ESBL (61.5%), multi -drug resistance (38.4%), carbapenem resistance (23%), and other resistances. Staphylococcus aureus had 28.5% methicillin resistance. Discussion: This study offers vital insights into bloodstream infections, revealing their prevalence, causes, and resistance patterns. The challenge of drugresistant organisms, especially ESBL and carbapenem-resistant bacteria, emphasizes the need for tailored treatment strategies and collaborative efforts. The increasing prevalence of MRSA and VRE underscores the importance of prudent antibiotic use and rigorous infection control. In conclusion, this study calls for a collective approach to address evolving risks in bloodstream infections, improving patient outcomes and public health.