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Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations

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dc.authorscopusid23398404000
dc.authorscopusid23470471000
dc.authorscopusid55625109900
dc.authorscopusid57814618100
dc.authorscopusid57191592841
dc.authorscopusid56353118100
dc.authorscopusid59139080300
dc.contributor.authorRambhatla, A.
dc.contributor.authorShah, R.
dc.contributor.authorZiouziou, I.
dc.contributor.authorKothari, P.
dc.contributor.authorSalvio, G.
dc.contributor.authorGül, M.
dc.contributor.authorAbdel-Meguid Hamoda, T.
dc.date.accessioned2025-12-11T00:33:55Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentOndokuz Mayıs Üniversitesien_US
dc.department-temp[Rambhatla] Amarnath, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States; [Shah] Rupin, Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, Mumbai, MH, India; [Ziouziou] Imad, Department of Urology, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Souss-Massa-Draa, Morocco; [Kothari] Priyank, Department of Urology, BYL Nair Charitable Hospital & TN Medical College, Mumbai, MH, India; [Salvio] Gianmaria, Department of Endocrinology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy; [Gül] Murat, Department of Urology, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey; [Abdel-Meguid Hamoda] Taha Abo Almagd, Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Minya, Minya, Egypt; [Kavoussi] Parviz Keikhosrow, Department of Reproductive Urology, Austin Fertility & Reproductive Medicine/Westlake IVF, Austin, TX, United States; [Atmoko] Widi, Department of Urology, Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; [Toprak] Tuncay, Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Birowo] Ponco, Department of Urology, Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; [Ko] Edmund Yuey Kun, Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States; [Arafa] Mohamed Mostafa, Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Ad-Dawhah, Qatar; [Abou Ghayda] Ramy, Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; [Karthikeyan] Vilvapathy Senguttuvan, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals Group, Chennai, TN, India; [Russo] Giorgio Ivan, Università degli Studi di Catania, Scuola di Medicina, Catania, CT, Italy; [Germar-Michael] Pinggera Michael, Department of Urology, Landeskrankenhaus Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; [Chung] Eric, Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; [Harraz] Ahmed M., Department of Urology, Mansoura University, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt, Department of Surgery, Farwania Hospital, Safat, Kuwait, Department of Urology, Sabah Al Ahmad Urology Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait; [Martínez] Marlon Pedrozo, Department of Surgery, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines; [Phuoc] Nguyen Ho Vinh, Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; [Tadros] Nicholas N., Division of Urology, SIU School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States; [Saleh] Ramadan Abdou, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag, Sohag, Egypt; [Savira] Missy, Department of Urology, Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; [Colpi] Giovanni Maria, Andrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, Switzerland; [Zohdy] Wael Ahmed, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Pescatori] Edoardo Stefano, Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Next Fertility GynePro, Bologna, RE, Italy; [Park] Hyunjun, Department of Urology, Medical School of Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea; [Fukuhara] Shinichiro Ichiro, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; [Tsujimura] Akira, Department of Urology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; [Rojas-Cruz] César, Department of Urology, Universität Rostock Uniklinikum und Medizinische Fakultät, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany; [Marino] Angelo Alessandro, Reproductive Medicine Unit, ANDROS Day Surgery Clinic, Palermo, Italy; [Mak] Siu King, Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; [Amar] Édouard T., Department of Urology, Hôpital Américain de Paris, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France; [Ibrahim] Wael, Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Care Center in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Sindhwani] Puneet, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States; [Alhathal] Naif K., Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; [Busetto] Gian Maria, Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, FG, Italy; [Al-Hashimi] Manaf, Department of Urology, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Department of Urology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; [El-Sakka] Ahmed I., Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Ismailia, Egypt; [Ramazan] Aşçi, Department of Urology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Medical School, Samsun, Turkey; [Dimitriadis] Fotios, 1st Urology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; [Timpano] Massimiliano, Department of Urology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, TO, Italy; [Ježek] Davor, Clinical Department for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, KBC Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; [Altay] Baris, Department of Urology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey; [Zylbersztejn] Daniel S., Department of Surgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; [Wong] Michael Yuet Chen, Department of Andrology, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore City, Singapore; [Moon] Du-geon, Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; [Wyns] Christine, Department of Gynaecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, BRU, Belgium; [Gamidov] Safail Israil Ogly, Nationa Medical Research Center Obsterics, Gynecology and Perinatology the name of Academician V.I. Kulakov, Moscow, Russian Federation; [Akhavizadegan] Hamed, Department of Urology, Sina Hospital, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; [Franceschelli] Alessandro, Andrology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy; [Aydos] Kaan, Department of Urology, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey; [Quang] Nguyen, Center for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, Hanoi 110214, Viet Nam, Andrology and Sexual Medicine, VNU-University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; [Ashour] Shedeed, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Al Dayel] Adel, Dammam Health Network, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; [Al-Marhoon] Mohammed Salim, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; [Mićić] Sava R., Department of Andrology, Uromedica Polyclinic, Belgrade, Serbia; [Binsaleh] Saleh Abdulrahman, Department of Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; [Hussein] Alayman F., Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Minya, Minya, Egypt; [Elbardisi] Haitham Tharwat, Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Ad-Dawhah, Qatar; [Mostafa] Taymour M., Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Ramsay] Jonathan W.A., Department of Andrology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; [Zachariou] Athanasios George, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Epirus, Greece; [Abdelrahman] Islam Fathy Soliman, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt, Department of Dermatology and Andrology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Rajmil] Osvaldo, Department of Andrology, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; [Kalkanli] Arif, Department of Urology, T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Taksim Eğitim ve Araştirma Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey; [Molina] Juan Manuel Corral, Department of Urology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; [Böcü] Kadir, Department of Urology, Niğde Omer Halis Demir University, Sirnak, Turkey; [Duarsa] Gede Wirya Kusuma, Department of Urology, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia; [Ceker] Gökhan, Department of Urology, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey; [Serefoglu] E. C., Department of Urology, Biruni Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; [Bahar] Fahmi, Andrology Section, Siloam Sriwijaya Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia; [Gherabi] Nazim, Department of Medicine, Université d’Alger 1, Algiers, Algiers Province, Algeria; [Kuroda] Shinnosuke No Suke, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States; [Bouzouita] Abderrazak, Department of Anatomy, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; [Güdeloǧlu] Ahmet, Department of Urology, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey; [Ceyhan] Erman, Department of Urology, Başkent Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey; [Hasan] Mohamed S., Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Musa] Muhammad Ujudud, Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre Nigeria, Gombe, Nigeria; [Motawi] Ahmad, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Cho] Chaklam Lam, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; [Taniguchi] Hisanori, Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan; [Ho] Christopher Chee Kong, Department of Surgery, Taylor's University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; [Solórzano-Vázquez] Jesús Fernando, IVF Department, Citmer Reproductive Medicine, Mexico, DF, Mexico; [Mutambirwa] Shingai Bertrand Angelo, Department of Urology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (SMU), Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; [Dokuzeylül Güngör] Nur, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; [Bendayan] Marion, Department of Reproductive Biology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Poissy-St-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France, Environment and Development, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, Ile-de-France, France; [Giulioni] Carlo, Department of Urology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy; [Başer] Aykut, Department of Urology, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Bandirma, Balikesir, Turkey; [Falcone] Marco, Department of Urology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, TO, Italy; [Boeri] Luca, Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, MI, Italy; [Blecher] Gideon Adam, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Urology, The Alfred, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; [Kheradmand] Alireza R., Department of Urology, Golestan Hospital (AJUMS), Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran; [Sethupathy] Tamilselvi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CK Medical Centre Hospital, Erode, India; [Adriansjah] Ricky, Department of Urology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; [Narimani] Nima, Department of Urology, School of Medicine (IUMS), Tehran, Tehran, Iran; [Konstantinidis] Charalampos, Urology & Neuro-urology Unit, National Rehabilitation Center, Athens, Greece; [Nguyen] Thanh Tuan, Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Department of Urology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; [Japari] Andrian, Department of Urology, Telogorejo Hospital, Central Java, Indonesia; [Dolati] Parisa, Department of Animal Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran; [Singh] Keerti, Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, Windsor Medical Centre, Bridgetown, Barbados; [Ozer] Cevahir, Department of Urology, Başkent Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey; [Sarikaya] Selcuk, Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Sheibak] Nadia, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; [Bosco] Ndagijimana Jean, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; [Ozkent] Mehmet Serkan, Department of Urology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Konya, Turkey; [Le] Sangthanh, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Minya, Minya, Egypt, Department of Urology, Telogorejo Hospital, Central Java, Indonesia; [Sokolakis] Ioannis, Department of Urology, Martha-Maria Hospital Nuremberg, Nurnberg, Germany; [Katz] Darren J., Men's Health Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Surgery, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Urology, Western Health, VIC, Australia; [Smith] Ryan Patrick, Department of Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; [Truong] Manhnguyen, Department of Animal Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran, Fertility Centre, Hanh Phuc International Hospital, Binh Duong, Binh Duong, Viet Nam; [Le] Tan V., Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, Department of Urology and Andrology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam; [Huang] Zhongwei, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Health Systems, Singapore City, Singapore; [Deger] Muslim Doǧan, Department of Urology, Edirne Sultan 1. Murat State Hospital, Edirne, Edirne, Turkey; [Arslan] Umut, Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Çalik] Gökhan, Department of Urology, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Beykoz, Turkey; [Franco] Giorgio, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, RM, Italy; [Rashed] Ayman Sayed, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, 6th October, Giza, Egypt; [Kahraman] Oğuzhan, Department of Urology, Başkent Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey; [Andreadakis] Sotiris, Private Practice, Thessaloniki, Greece; [Putra] Rosadi, Department of Urology, RSUD Ciawi Regional General Hospital, West Java, Indonesia; [Balercia] Giancarlo, Department of Endocrinology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy; [Khalafalla] Kareim Mohamed, Department of Urology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; [Cannarella] Rossella, Università degli Studi di Catania, Scuola di Medicina, Catania, CT, Italy; [Tuan] Anhđăng, Tam Anh General Hospital, Hanoi, Hanoi, Viet Nam; [Meliegy] Amr El, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Žilaitiené] Birute, Institute of Endocrinology, Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; [Ramirez] Marlene Lizbeth Zamora, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Spanish Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico, DF, Mexico; [Giacone] Filippo, Unit of Reproductive Medicine, HERA Center, Catania, Italy; [Calogero] Aldo E., Università degli Studi di Catania, Scuola di Medicina, Catania, CT, Italy; [Makarounis] Konstantinos, Department of Urology and Andrology, Locus Medicus Laboratory, Athens, Greece; [Jindal] Sunil K., Department of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Jindal Hospital, Meerut, India; [Hoai] Bac Nguyen, Department of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; [Banthia] Ravi, Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; [Pena] Marcelo Rodriguez, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; [Moorthy] Dharani, IVF Department, Swarupa Fertility and IVF Centre, Vijayawada, AP, India; [Adamyan] Aram, Department of Urology, Astghik Medical Center, Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia; [Kulaksiz] Deniz, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Kandil] Hussein, Fakih IVF Fertility Center, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; [Sofikitis] Nikolaos V., Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Epirus, Greece; [Salzano] C., San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Naples, Italy; [Jungwirth] Andreas, St. Barabara Private Clinic, Bad Vigaun, Austria; [Banka] Surendra Reddy, Department of Andrology, Androcare Institute of Andrology and Men's Health, Hyderabad, India; [Mierzwa] Tiago Cesar, Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil; [Turunç] Tahsin, Urological Clinic, Iskenderun Gelisim Hospital, Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey; [Jain] Divyanu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jaipur Golden Hospital, New Delhi, DL, India; [Avoyan] Armen E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Salacone] Pietro, Andrology and Pathophysiology of Reproduction Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, RM, Italy; [Kadioĝlu] Ateş, Section of Andrology, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Istanbul, Turkey; [Gupta] Chirag, Department of Urology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, RJ, India; [Lin] Haocheng, Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; [Shamohammadi] Iman, Department of Urology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran; [Mogharabian] Nasser, Sexual Health and Fertility Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahrood, Semnan, Iran; [Barrett] Trenton L., Perth Clinic, Perth, WA, Australia; [Danacioglu] Yavuz Onur, Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Crafa] Andrea, Università degli Studi di Catania, Scuola di Medicina, Catania, CT, Italy; [Daoud] Salima, Laboratory of Histology Embryology and Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; [Malhotra] Vineet, Department of Urology and Andrology, VNA Hospital, New Delhi, India; [Almardawi] Abdulmalik H., Department of Urology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; [Selim] Osama Mohamed, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Moussa] Mohamad Ahmad, Department of Urology, Université Libanaise, Beirut, Beirut Governorate, Lebanon, Department of Urology, UMC, Beirut, Lebanon; [Haghdani] Saeid, Andrology Research Center, Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center, Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; [Duran] Mesut Berkan, Department of Urology, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi, Denizli, Turkey; [Kunz] Yannic, Department of Urology, Landeskrankenhaus Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; [Preto] Mirko, Department of Urology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, TO, Italy; [Eugeni] Elena, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, PG, Italy, Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Terni, Terni, Italy; [Nguyen] Thang, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Elshahid] Ahmed Rashad Mohammed, Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, 6th October, Giza, Egypt; [Suyono] Seso Sulijaya, Gladiool IVF, Magelang, Indonesia; [Parikesit] Dyandra, Department of Urology, Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia; [Nada] E. A., Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag, Sohag, Egypt; [Orozco] Eduardo Gutierrez, IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; [Boitrelle] Florence, Department of Reproductive Biology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Poissy-St-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France, Environment and Development, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, Ile-de-France, France; [Trang] Nguyen Thi Minh, Department of Urology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; [Jamali] Mounir, Department of Urology, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Agdal Rabat, Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Morocco; [Nair] Raju, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Mitera Hospital, Kottayam, India; [Ruzaev] Mikhail, Urology Clinic, Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation; [Gadda] Franco, Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, MI, Italy; [Thomas] Charalampos, Urology & Neuro-urology Unit, National Rehabilitation Center, Athens, Greece; [Ferreira] Raphael Henrique, Department of Urology, Santa Casa de Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; [Gul] U., EPC Hospital, Adana, Adana, Turkey; [Maruccia] Serena, Department of Urology, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, MI, Italy; [Kanbur] Ajay S., Department of Andrology, Kanbur Clinic, Thana, India, Department of Urosurgery, Jupiter Hospital, Thana, MH, India; [Kinzikeeva] Ella, Andrology Unit, Clinical Institutes Zucchi, Monza, Italy; [Abumelha] Saad Mohammed, Department of Urology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; [Kosgi] Raghavender, Department of Andrology & Men’s Health, Apollo Hospitals Hyderabad, Hyderabad, TS, India; [Gökalp] Fatih, Department of Urology, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Antakya, Turkey; [Soebadi] M. Ayodhia, Department of Urology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia; [Paul] Gustavo Marquesine, Department of Andrology, Royan Institute, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; [Sajadi] Hesamoddin, Department of Urology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, MH, India; [Gupte] Deepak M., Department of Urology, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu, Turkey; [Ambar] Rafael Favero, Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil; [Söǧütdelen] Emrullah, Department of Urology, Clarity Health, Chandigarh, India; [Singla] Karun, Department of Urology, Dr. Dradjat Hospital, Serang, Indonesia; [Basukarno] Ari, IVFAustralia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; [Kim] Shannon Hee Kyung, Department of Urology, The Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia; [Gilani] Mohammad Ali Sadighi, Department of Urology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, MH, India; [Nagao] Koichi, Department of Urology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; [Brodjonegoro] Sakti Ronggowardhana, Department of Surgery, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; [Rezano] Andri, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; [Elkhouly] Mohamed, IVF Department, Bourn Hall Fertility Center, Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; [Mazzilli] Rossella, Unit of Endocrinology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, RM, Italy; [Farsi] Hasan M.A., Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia; [Ba] Hungnguyen, Andrology Unit, Vinmec Times City International Hospital, Hanoi, Hanoi, Viet Nam; [Alali] Hamed J., Department of Urology, The Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia; [Kafetzis] Dimitrios, Orchid IVF Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; [Long] Tran Quang Tien, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Hanoi, Hanoi, Viet Nam; [AlSaid] Sami S., Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Cuong] Hoang Bao Ngoc, Department of Surgery, Haiphong University, Haiphong, Kien An, Viet Nam; [Oleksandr] Knigavko, Department of Urology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine; [Mustafa] Akhmad, Department of Urology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; [Acosta] Herik, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan; [Pai] Hrishikesh D., IVF Department, Bloom IVF Group, Mumbai, MH, India; [Şahin] Bahadır, Department of Urology, Marmara Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi, Istanbul, Turkey; [Arianto] Eko, Department of Urology, Prof R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, Indonesia; [Teo] Colin, Department of Urology, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore; [Jayaprakash] Sanjay Prakash, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals Group, Chennai, TN, India; [Rachman] Rinaldo Indra, Department of Urology, Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; [Yenice] Mustafa Gürkan, Department of Urology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; [Sefrioui] Omar, African Fertility Center, Casablanca, Morocco; [Priyadarshi] Shivam, Department of Urology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, RJ, India; [Tanic] Marko, Department of Urology, General Hospital, Cuprija, Serbia; [Alfatlawy] Noor Kareem, Fertility Center of Al-Najaf, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq; [Rizaldi] Fikri, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia; [Vishwakarma] Ranjit B., Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, Mumbai, MH, India; [Kanakis] George A., Department of Endocrinology, Athens Naval & VA Hospital, Athens, Greece; [Cherian] Dinesh Thomas, Department of Urology, Aster Medcity, Kochi, KL, India; [Lee] King Chien Joe, Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore; [Galstyan] Raisa, Department of Urology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia; [Keskin] Hakan, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; [Wurzacher] Jana, Department of Urology, Landeskrankenhaus Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; [Seno] Doddy Hami, Department of Surgery, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia; [Noegroho] Bambang Sasongko, Department of Urology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia; [Margiana] Ria, Department of Urology, Prof R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, Indonesia, Department of Anatomy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia, Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia, Urology Unit, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia; [Javed] Qaisar, Department of Urology, Al-Ahlia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; [Castiglioni] Fabrizio M., Andrology Unit, San Carlo Clinic, Milan, Italy; [Tanwar] Raman, Urology Center, Jyoti Hospital, Gurugram, India; [Puigvert-Martínez] Ana Mª, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Institute of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (IANDROMS), Barcelona, Spain; [Kaya] Coşkun, Department of Urology, Health Science University Eskisehir City HARH, Eskisehir, Eskisehir, Turkey; [Purnomo] Medianto, Department of Urology, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia; [Yazbeck] Chadi M., Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Reprogynes Medical Institute, Paris, France; [Amir] Azwar, Department of Urology, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; [Borges] Edson Moreira, IVF Department, Fertility-Assisted Fertilization Center, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; [Bellavia] Marina, Andrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, Switzerland; [Deswanto] Isaac Ardianson, Department of Urology, Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; [Vinod] K. V., Department of Urology, SK Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, KL, India; [Liguori] Giovanni, Department of Urology, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, TS, Italy; [Minh] Dang Hoang, Andrology and Sexual Medicine, VNU-University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; [Siddiqi] Kashif, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; [Colombo] Fulvio, Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Next Fertility GynePro, Bologna, RE, Italy; [Zini] Armand S., School of Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada; [Patel] Niket Hitesh, Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, Anand, GJ, India; [Çayan] Selahittin, Department of Urology, Mersin Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi, Mersin, Turkey; [Al-Kawaz] Ula Mohammed, High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; [Ragab] Maged M., Department of Andrology, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt; [Hebrard] Guadalupe Hernández, IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Puebla, PUE, Mexico; [de la Rosette] Jean Jmch M.C.H., Department of Urology, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Beykoz, Turkey; [Efesoy] Ozan, Department of Andrology, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt; [Hoffmann] Ivan, Department of Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Halle und Medizinische Fakultät, Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany, Reproductive Center Dr. Hoffmann, Berlin, Germany; [Teixeira] Thiago Afonso, Division of Urology, Universidade Federal do Amapa, Macapa, AP, Brazil, Institute of Advanced Studies, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, Androscience - Science and Innovation Center, Androscience - High Complexity Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil; [Saylam] Barış, Department of Urology, Mersin Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi, Mersin, Turkey; [Delgadillo] Daniela, IVF Department, Citmer Reproductive Medicine, Mexico, DF, Mexico; [Agarwal] Ashok K., Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United Statesen_US
dc.description.abstractPurpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medical and surgical management for patients with NOA. Materials and Methods: A 56-question online survey covering various aspects of the evaluation and management of NOA was sent to specialists around the globe. This paper analyzes the results of the second half of the survey dealing with the management of NOA. Results have been compared to current guidelines, and expert recommendations have been provided using a Delphi process. Results: Participants from 49 countries submitted 336 valid responses. Hormonal therapy for 3 to 6 months was suggested before surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) by 29.6% and 23.6% of participants for normogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism respectively. The SSR rate was reported as 50.0% by 26.0% to 50.0% of participants. Interestingly, 46.0% reported successful SSR in <10% of men with Klinefelter syndrome and 41.3% routinely recommended preimplantation genetic testing. Varicocele repair prior to SSR is recommended by 57.7%. Half of the respondents (57.4%) reported using ultrasound to identify the most vascularized areas in the testis for SSR. One-third proceed directly to microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) in every case of NOA while others use a staged approach. After a failed conventional TESE, 23.8% wait for 3 months, while 33.1% wait for 6 months before proceeding to mTESE. The cut-off of follicle-stimulating hormone for positive SSR was reported to be 12-19 IU/mL by 22.5% of participants and 20-40 IU/mL by 27.8%, while 31.8% reported no upper limit. Conclusions: This is the largest survey to date on the real-world medical and surgical management of NOA by reproductive experts. It demonstrates a diverse practice pattern and highlights the need for evidence-based international consensus guidelines. © © 2024 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.5534/WJMH.230339
dc.identifier.issn2287-4208
dc.identifier.issn2287-4690
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85193998102
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.5534/WJMH.230339
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12712/37480
dc.identifier.volume42en_US
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherKorean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrologyen_US
dc.relation.ispartofWorld Journal of Men's Healthen_US
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanıen_US
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessen_US
dc.subjectAzoospermiaen_US
dc.subjectHypogonadismen_US
dc.subjectInfertility, Maleen_US
dc.subjectSemenen_US
dc.subjectSperm Retrievalen_US
dc.titleGlobal Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendationsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication

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