Publication: 01.01.2009-01.01.2020 Tarihleri Arasında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Hematoloji Kliniğinde Akut Lenfoblastik Lösemi Tanısı Alan Hastaların Takibinde Gelişen Nörolojik Semptom ve Komplikasyonların Retrospektif Olarak İncelenmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Lösemiler çocukluk çağının en yaygın malign neoplazileridir. 15 yaş altındaki çocuklarda görülen tüm malignitelerin yaklaşık %31'ini oluştururlar. Çocukluk çağı lösemilerinin ise yaklaşık %77'sini akut lenfoblastik lösemi (ALL) oluşturur.Son yıllarda BFM-ALLIC-2009 protokolü gibi yoğun kemoterapi ve santral sinir sistemi yönelimli tedavi protokolleri uygulanarak 14 yaş ve altındaki akut lenfoblastik lösemili çocukların 5yıllık sağ kalım oranları yaklaşık %80'lere ulaşmıştır.Sağ kalım oranlarının yükselmesiyle kür sağlanabilen maligniteler arasına giren çocukluk çağı ALL'de hastalığa ve yoğun tedavi protokollerine bağlı olarak nörolojik semptom ve komplikasyonlar gelişebilmektedir. Bu çalışmamızdaki amacımız, ALL tanısı almış olan hastaların tanı anında ve tedavi izleminde gelişen nörolojik semptom ve komplikasyonların, sıklıklarının saptanması, demografik özellikler ve tedavi ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç/Hastalar ve Yöntem: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Çocuk Hematoloji Kliniği'nde Ocak 2009 – Ocak 2020 yılları arasında ALL tanısı almış olan 247 hastamızın tanı anında ve tedavi izleminde gelişen nörolojik semptom ve komplikasyonların sıklıkları, çalışma grubunun demografik özellikleri, tedavi ve prognoz ile ilişkisine ait veriler kaydedildi. Bulgular: 214 ALL tanılı hastanın % 52.8'i (n:113) erkektir. Olguların yaş aralıkları 3-201 ay arasında olup çalışma grubunun yaş ortancası 65.5 ay' dır. Çalışma grubunun %1.9'u (n:4) <1 yaş iken, %30.4'ü (n:65) 10 yaş ve üstüdür. Hastalarımızın %48.2'sında (n:103) tanı sırasında ve takiplerde en az bir nörolojik bulgu saptanmıştır. Nöbet en sık saptanan nörolojik bulgudur (%8.9) (n:19). Baş ağrısı ise ikinci sıklıkta görülen bulgudur (%8.4) (n:18). Diğer görülen nörolojik semptomlar arasında görme bozuklukları, afazi, dizartri, nörokognitif değişiklikler, motor disfonksiyon, hemipleji, hemiparezi ve fasyal paralizi yer almaktadır. Çalışma grubunun %81.3'ünde (n:174) herhangi bir nörolojik komplikasyon saptanmazken, 40 hastada en az bir nörolojik komplikasyon meydana gelmiştir (%18.7). Nörolojik komplikasyon saptanan olgular içinde (n:40) en sık saptanan komplikasyon polinöropati (%27.5) olup onu tromboemboli (%17.5) ve intrakraniyal kanama (%15.0) takip etmektedir. Diğer sık görülen komplikasyonlar arasında ise posterior reversible ensefalopati sendromu (PRES), diğer serebrovasküler olaylar, geçici iskemik atak ve santral sinir sistemi enfeksiyonları vardır. Cinsiyet, tanı yaşının 1 yaş altında olması, tanı anındaki wbc sayısı, LDH yüksekliği, immünfenotipleme, t(12,21), t(9,22), MLL gen mutasyonu, myc gen mutasyonu, relaps varlığı, kemik iliği transplantasyonu (KİT) olması durumu, tümör lizis sendromu, lökoferez uygulanması, üçlü intratekal tedavi ve profilaktik radyoterapi (RT) uygulanması ile nörolojik semptom ve komplikasyon arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptanmamıştır. Tanı anında 10 yaş üzerinde olan, ciddi trombositopeni (20000/mm3'ün altında) eşlik eden, blast morfolojisi (L1+L2) olan ve risk belirlenemeden hayatını kaybeden hastalarda nörolojik komplikasyon sıklığı anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Tanı anında SSS lösemisi olan hastalar, tüm çalışma grubumuzun %0.9'unu (n:2) oluşturmaktayken, takipler sırasında SSS lösemisi görülen bireyler tüm çalışma grubunun %3.3'ünü oluşturmaktadır (n:7). Tanı ve takipte SSS lösemisi olan kişilerin genel sağ kalım oranları (OS) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede düşüktür (p<0.001). Relaps saptanan 10 hastanın (%4.7) 3'ünde (%1.4) SSS relapsı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca nörolojik komplikasyon gelişen hastaların kalıcı nörolojik sekel gelişme riski ve beş yılık sağ kalım oranı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede fark bulunmuştur ( p<0.001- p:0.04). Tartışma ve Sonuç: Sağ kalım oranlarının yükselmesiyle kür sağlanabilen maligniteler arasına giren çocukluk çağı ALL'de hastalığa ve yoğun tedavi protokollerine bağlı olarak nörolojik semptom ve komplikasyonlar gelişebilmektedir. Tedavi sırasında bildirilen nörotoksisite insidansı çalışmamızda %18 iken, çeşitli çalışmalarda %3-%18 arasında değişmektedir. Tedaviye bağlı gelişen yan etkilerin dışında hastalığın kendisine bağlı da santral sinir sistemi lösemik infiltrasyonuna bağlı nörolojik semptomlar görülebilir. Tanımlanmış nörolojik komplikasyonların çoğu erken tespit edildiğinde geri dönüşümlü olmasına rağmen, bazıları yüksek morbidite ve mortalite riski taşır ve acil bir yaklaşım gerektirir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Çocukluk çağı akut lenfoblastik lösemi, nörolojik semptom, nörolojik komplikasyon
Objective: Leukemias are the most common malignant neoplasms of childhood. They constitute approximately 31% of all malignancies in children under 15 years of age. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) constitutes approximately 77% of childhood leukemias. In recent years, intensive chemotherapy and central nervous system-oriented treatment protocols such as the BFM-ALLIC-2009 protocol have been applied, and the 5-year survival rate of children 14 years of age and younger with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has reached approximately 80%. Childhood ALL, which is among the malignancies that can be cured with the increase in survival rates, may develop neurological symptoms and complications depending on the disease and intensive treatment protocols. Our aim in this study was to determine the frequency of neurological symptoms and complications, which developed at the time of diagnosis and during the follow-up of treatment, in patients diagnosed with ALL, and to evaluate their relationship with demographic characteristics and treatment. Material and Method: The frequency of neurological symptoms and complications developed at the time of diagnosis and during treatment follow-up, demographic characteristics of the study group, and their relationship with treatment and prognosis in our 247 patients who were diagnosed with ALL between January 2009 and January 2020 in Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology Clinic data saved. Results: 52.8% (n:113) of 214 ALL patients were male. The age range of the cases was between 3-201 months, and the median age of the study group was 65.5 months. While 1.9% (n:4) of the study group were <1 year old, 30.4% (n:65) were 10 years or older. At least one neurological finding was detected in 48.2% (n:103) of our patients during diagnosis and during follow-up. Seizure is the most common neurological finding (%8.9) (n:19). Headache is the second most common finding. (%8.4) (n:18).Other common neurological symptoms include visual disturbances, aphasia, dysarthria, neurocognitive changes, motor dysfunction, hemiplegia, hemiparesis, and facial paralysis. While no neurological complication was detected in 81.3% (n: 174) of the study group, at least one neurological complication occurred in 40 patients (%18.7). Among the cases with neurological complications (n:40), the most common complication was polyneuropathy (27.5%), followed by thromboembolism (17.5%) and intracranial hemorrhage (%15). Other common complications include posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), cerebrovascular events, transient ischemic attack, and central nervous system infections. There was no statistically significant relationship between neurological symptoms and complications with gender, age at diagnosis below 1 year, WBC count at diagnosis, LDH elevation, immunophenotyping, t(12,21), t(9,22), MLL gene mutation, myc gene mutation, presence of relapse, bone marrow transplantation, tumor lysis syndrome, leukopheresis, triple intrathecal therapy and prophylactic radiotherapy. The frequency of neurological complications was found to be significantly higher in patients who were older than 10 years at the time of diagnosis, had severe thrombocytopenia (under 20000/mm3), had blast morphology (L1+L2), and died before the risk could be determined. Patients with CNS leukemia at the time of diagnosis constitute 0.9% (n:2) of our entire study group, while individuals with CNS leukemia during follow-up constitute 3.3% of the entire study group (n:7). The overall survival rates (OS) of people with CNS leukemia at diagnosis and follow-up were statistically significantly lower (p<0.001). CNS relapse was detected in 3 of 10 (4.7%) patients (10% of relapses; 1.4% of the entire study group). In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the risk of developing permanent neurological sequelae and the five-year survival rate in patients with neurological complications (p<0.001- p:0.04). Discussion and Conclusion: Childhood ALL, which is among the malignancies that can be cured with the increase in survival rates, may develop neurological symptoms and complications depending on the disease and intensive treatment protocols. While the incidence of neurotoxicity reported during treatment was 18% in our study, it ranged from 3% to 18% in various studies. Apart from the side effects that develop due to treatment, neurological symptoms due to leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system may also be seen due to the disease itself. Although most of the identified neurological complications are reversible if detected early, some carry a high risk of morbidity and mortality and require an urgent approach. Key Words: Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, neurological symptom, neurological complication
Objective: Leukemias are the most common malignant neoplasms of childhood. They constitute approximately 31% of all malignancies in children under 15 years of age. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) constitutes approximately 77% of childhood leukemias. In recent years, intensive chemotherapy and central nervous system-oriented treatment protocols such as the BFM-ALLIC-2009 protocol have been applied, and the 5-year survival rate of children 14 years of age and younger with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has reached approximately 80%. Childhood ALL, which is among the malignancies that can be cured with the increase in survival rates, may develop neurological symptoms and complications depending on the disease and intensive treatment protocols. Our aim in this study was to determine the frequency of neurological symptoms and complications, which developed at the time of diagnosis and during the follow-up of treatment, in patients diagnosed with ALL, and to evaluate their relationship with demographic characteristics and treatment. Material and Method: The frequency of neurological symptoms and complications developed at the time of diagnosis and during treatment follow-up, demographic characteristics of the study group, and their relationship with treatment and prognosis in our 247 patients who were diagnosed with ALL between January 2009 and January 2020 in Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology Clinic data saved. Results: 52.8% (n:113) of 214 ALL patients were male. The age range of the cases was between 3-201 months, and the median age of the study group was 65.5 months. While 1.9% (n:4) of the study group were <1 year old, 30.4% (n:65) were 10 years or older. At least one neurological finding was detected in 48.2% (n:103) of our patients during diagnosis and during follow-up. Seizure is the most common neurological finding (%8.9) (n:19). Headache is the second most common finding. (%8.4) (n:18).Other common neurological symptoms include visual disturbances, aphasia, dysarthria, neurocognitive changes, motor dysfunction, hemiplegia, hemiparesis, and facial paralysis. While no neurological complication was detected in 81.3% (n: 174) of the study group, at least one neurological complication occurred in 40 patients (%18.7). Among the cases with neurological complications (n:40), the most common complication was polyneuropathy (27.5%), followed by thromboembolism (17.5%) and intracranial hemorrhage (%15). Other common complications include posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), cerebrovascular events, transient ischemic attack, and central nervous system infections. There was no statistically significant relationship between neurological symptoms and complications with gender, age at diagnosis below 1 year, WBC count at diagnosis, LDH elevation, immunophenotyping, t(12,21), t(9,22), MLL gene mutation, myc gene mutation, presence of relapse, bone marrow transplantation, tumor lysis syndrome, leukopheresis, triple intrathecal therapy and prophylactic radiotherapy. The frequency of neurological complications was found to be significantly higher in patients who were older than 10 years at the time of diagnosis, had severe thrombocytopenia (under 20000/mm3), had blast morphology (L1+L2), and died before the risk could be determined. Patients with CNS leukemia at the time of diagnosis constitute 0.9% (n:2) of our entire study group, while individuals with CNS leukemia during follow-up constitute 3.3% of the entire study group (n:7). The overall survival rates (OS) of people with CNS leukemia at diagnosis and follow-up were statistically significantly lower (p<0.001). CNS relapse was detected in 3 of 10 (4.7%) patients (10% of relapses; 1.4% of the entire study group). In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the risk of developing permanent neurological sequelae and the five-year survival rate in patients with neurological complications (p<0.001- p:0.04). Discussion and Conclusion: Childhood ALL, which is among the malignancies that can be cured with the increase in survival rates, may develop neurological symptoms and complications depending on the disease and intensive treatment protocols. While the incidence of neurotoxicity reported during treatment was 18% in our study, it ranged from 3% to 18% in various studies. Apart from the side effects that develop due to treatment, neurological symptoms due to leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system may also be seen due to the disease itself. Although most of the identified neurological complications are reversible if detected early, some carry a high risk of morbidity and mortality and require an urgent approach. Key Words: Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, neurological symptom, neurological complication
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Keywords
Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları, Belirti ve Semptomlar, Komplikasyonlar, Nöroloji, Nörolojik Belirtiler, Prekürsör Hücreli Lenfoblastik Lösemi-Lenfoma, Retrospektif Çalışmalar, Child Health and Diseases, Signs and Symptoms, Complications, Neurology, Neurologic Manifestations, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma, Retrospective Studies
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