Publication: Kedilerde Enjeksiyon Bölgesi Sarkomlarında Tümör Mikroçevresindeki Yangısal Yanıt ile Hmgb1 Ekspresyonu Arasındaki İlişkinin Araştırılması
Abstract
Bu çalışmada kedi enjeksiyon/aşı bölgesi sarkomlarında tümör mikroçevresindeki (TME) yangısal yanıt ile HMGB1, immun kontrol noktası proteini VISTA ve tümöre infiltre olan lenfositlerin (TIL)'in effektör fonksiyonunu modüle eden IL-6 ve TGF-β1 sitokinlerin ekspresyonları immunohistokimyasal olarak incelendi. Bu amaçla 32 adet kedinin tümör örneklerinde mitoz sayısı, nekroz yaygınlığı ve yangı skorları belirlenerek tümörlerin dereceleri (grade) saptandı. Buna göre olguların 9 adedi derece I, 16'sı derece II ve 7 olgu ise derece III olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca TME'deki yangısal yanıtın özellikle de TIL'in lokalizasyonuna göre tümörlerin yangısal mikroçevreleri; yangısal tümör (immun sıcak), immun hücresiz (immun soğuk) ve immun dışlanmış (excluded) olarak sınıflandırıldı. Buna göre olguların 14 adedi yangısal tümör (immun sıcak), 5 adedi immun yetersiz (immun soğuk) ve 13 adedi ise immun dışlanmış tümör olarak değerlendirildi. İmmunohistokimyasal olarak tümörlerin tümünde hem tümör hücreleri hem de TIL'de HMGB1 ekspresyonları nükleer ya da sitoplazmik olarak saptandı. VISTA, IL-6 ve TGF-beta'nın immunohistokiyasal ekspresyonları tümörler arasında değişen derece ve yaygınlıkta hem tümör hücreleri hem de TIL'de gözlendi. Tümörlerin derecesi ile incelenen immunohistokimaysal parametreler arasında istatistiksel olarak farklılık bulunmadı. Buna karşın yangısal tümörler (immun sıcak) ile CD3+ pozitif T lenfosit sayısı arasında; HMGB1'in tümör hücrelerdeki nükleer lokalizasyonu ile TIL'deki nükleer boyanmalar arasında, immun yetersiz (immun soğuk) tümörlerde TIL'de VISTA yoğunluğunun istatiksel olarak önemli olduğu saptandı. Ayrıca HMGB1'in tümör hücrelerinde sitoplazmik boyanma yoğunluğu ile TIL'deki IL-6 immunreaksiyonu arasında ve CD3 pozitif boyanan hücre sayısı ile TIL'de IL-6 immunoreaktiviteleri arasında, yine TGF-β1'nın tümör hücrelerindeki ekspresyonları ile HMGB1'in sitoplazmik ekspresyonu arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılık saptandı. Sonuçta hem alarmin HMGB1'in hem de immun kontrol noktası proteini VISTA'nın kedi enjeksiyon/aşı bölgesi sarkomlarında rollerini görtemekle beraber, yangının tümöre karşı savunma amacına yönelik bir infiltrasyondan daha çok, veteriner literatürde belirtildiği üzere enjekte edilen materyale karşı şekillenen yangısal bir reaksiyon olduğu düşüncesini destekler nitelikte bulunmuştur. Anahtar Sözcükler: Enjeksiyon/Aşı Bölgesi Sarkomu, HMGB1, Kedi, Tümör Mikroçevresi, VISTA
In this study, we examined inflammatory response in tumor microenvironment (TME) and the expressions of HMGB1, VISTA, and IL-6 and TGF-β1 for effector function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in feline injection/vaccine site sarcomas. Mitosis number, necrosis extent and inflammation scores were determined in the tumor samples of 32 cats and the grades of the tumors were determined. 9 of the cases were determined as grade I, 16 as grade II and 7 as grade III. For the localization of (TIL) in the TME, were classified as inflammatory tumor, immune cell free and immune excluded. Accordingly, 14 cases were classified as inflammatory tumors, 5 cases as immune deficient and 13 cases as excluded tumors. Immunohistochemically, nuclear or cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1 was detected in both tumor cells and TIL in all tumors. Immunohistochemical expressions of VISTA, IL-6 and TGF-beta were observed in both tumor cells and TIL with varying degrees and prevalence among tumors. There was no statistical difference between grade of tumors and immunohistochemical parameters examined. However, there were statistically significant differences between inflammatory tumors and the number of CD3+ positive T lymphocytes, between the nuclear localization of HMGB1 in tumor cells and nuclear staining in TIL, and between the intensity of VISTA in TIL in immune deficient tumors. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between cytoplasmic staining intensity of HMGB1 in tumor cells and IL-6 immunoreaction in TIL, between the number of CD3+cells and IL-6 immunoreactivities in TIL, and between expression of TGF-β1 in tumor cells and cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1. In conclusion, both HMGB1 and immune checkpoint protein VISTA were found to play a role in feline injection/vaccine site sarcomas, supporting idea that inflammation is an inflammatory reaction to the injected material, as stated in veterinary literature, rather than an infiltration for purpose of defense against tumor. Keywords: Cat, HMGB1, Injection/Vaccine Site Sarcoma, Tumor Microenvironment, VISTA
In this study, we examined inflammatory response in tumor microenvironment (TME) and the expressions of HMGB1, VISTA, and IL-6 and TGF-β1 for effector function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in feline injection/vaccine site sarcomas. Mitosis number, necrosis extent and inflammation scores were determined in the tumor samples of 32 cats and the grades of the tumors were determined. 9 of the cases were determined as grade I, 16 as grade II and 7 as grade III. For the localization of (TIL) in the TME, were classified as inflammatory tumor, immune cell free and immune excluded. Accordingly, 14 cases were classified as inflammatory tumors, 5 cases as immune deficient and 13 cases as excluded tumors. Immunohistochemically, nuclear or cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1 was detected in both tumor cells and TIL in all tumors. Immunohistochemical expressions of VISTA, IL-6 and TGF-beta were observed in both tumor cells and TIL with varying degrees and prevalence among tumors. There was no statistical difference between grade of tumors and immunohistochemical parameters examined. However, there were statistically significant differences between inflammatory tumors and the number of CD3+ positive T lymphocytes, between the nuclear localization of HMGB1 in tumor cells and nuclear staining in TIL, and between the intensity of VISTA in TIL in immune deficient tumors. In addition, statistically significant differences were found between cytoplasmic staining intensity of HMGB1 in tumor cells and IL-6 immunoreaction in TIL, between the number of CD3+cells and IL-6 immunoreactivities in TIL, and between expression of TGF-β1 in tumor cells and cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1. In conclusion, both HMGB1 and immune checkpoint protein VISTA were found to play a role in feline injection/vaccine site sarcomas, supporting idea that inflammation is an inflammatory reaction to the injected material, as stated in veterinary literature, rather than an infiltration for purpose of defense against tumor. Keywords: Cat, HMGB1, Injection/Vaccine Site Sarcoma, Tumor Microenvironment, VISTA
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