Publication: Hepg2 Hücre Kültürlerinde Ouabainin Antikanser Etkisi ve Endoplazmik Retikulum Stres Cevabı ile İlişkisi
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Glukoz yoksunluğu solid tümörlerin merkezinde oluşan bir durumdur ve hücrelerde katlanmamış protein yanıtını (UPR) aktive eder. 2-deoksiglukoz (2-DG), glikolizi inhibe eden ve hücre büyümesini bloklayan sentetik bir glukoz analoğudur. 2-DG, protein glikozilasyon inhibisyonu yolu ile Endoplazmik Retikulum (ER) stresini uyarır.Kardiyotonik bir steroit olan ouabain spesifik Na+/K+-ATPaz inhibitörüdür. Önceki çalışmalarda insan karaciğer kanser hücrelerinde apoptoz üzerinde ouabainin bazı rolleri olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Ancak ouabain ve UPR arasındaki ilişki tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle, HepG2 hücrelerinde UPR, proliferasyon ve apoptoz üzerinde ouabainin olası etkilerini araştırmayı planladık. Bu çalışmada, HepG2 hücre hattında ouabainin 2-DG varlığında/yokluğunda UPR ve apoptoz üzerine farmakolojik etkisini incelemeyi amaçladık.HepG2 hücreleri (5x103/kuyucuk) 96-kuyucuklu pleytte bir gece kültüre edildi ve ardından 10 mM 2-DG varlığında veya yokluğunda 0.75 nM, 7.5 nM, 75 nM ve 750 nM ouabain ile 24 ve 48 saat boyunca muamele edildi. Aynı zamanda kantitatif olarak RT-PCR ile Grp78, Grp94, CHOP, XBP-1, MTJ-1, Cav-1, HKII, MDR-1, MRP-1, HO-1, Par-4 ekspresyon düzeylerini ölçtük. IRE1? etkinliğini belirlemek için PCR-RFLP yapıldı. HepG2 hücrelerinin sayısı, canlılığı ve çoğalması gerçek zamanlı hücre analiz sistemi ile değerlendirildi.Elektriksel impedans sinyaline dayalı olarak gerçek zamanlı hücre analizi ile gösterildiği gibi 2-DG ile beraber stres koşullarında daha fazla etkili olan ouabain 0.75, 7.5 ve 75 nM dozlarında sitotoksik etki göstermedi. 0.75 ve 7.5 nM ouabain kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında MDR-1 ekspresyonunu downregüle ederek ilaç direncini azalttı. Tek başına 75 nM ouabain Grp78 ekspresyonunu uyarırken 2-DG'nin uyardığı Grp78 artışını ise baskıladı, böylece HepG2 hücrelerini sitotoksisiteye duyarlı kılabilmektedir. Tek başına 2-DG, HO-1 ve HKII ekspresyonunu arttırırken 2-DG ile birlikte ouabain hem HO-1 hem de HKII ekspresyonunu azalttı. Tek başına ouabain ile doza bağlı olarak Par-4 ekspresyonu upregüle oldu ve 2-DG ile kombine edildiğinde bu etki daha belirgin görüldü, böylece muhtemelen apoptozu uyarabilmektedir. 75 nM ouabain ile XBP-1 mRNA splicing aktive edildi.Bulgularımıza göre, ouabain tipik bir UPR indükleyicisi değildir fakat glukoz açlığı durumunda HepG2 hücrelerini sitotoksisiteye veya apoptoza yatkın hale getirebilir. 2-DG varlığında ouabain tarafından UPR yanıtının bozulması, kanser hücresini seçici olarak öldürmek için cazip bir yaklaşım olabilir ve ouabain uygulaması solid tümörlere karşı UPR hedefli ilaç geliştirmek için kimyasal bir temel sağlayabilir. Ouabainin konvansiyonel kanser tedavisine yardımcı olarak kullanımı da güncel bir araştırma konusudur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Endoplazmik Retikulum Stresi; Katlanmamış Protein Yanıtı; Ouabain; 2-deoksiglukoz; Apoptoz
Glucose deprivation is a condition that occurs in interior of solid tumors and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cells. 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a synthetic glucose analogue that inhibits glycolysis and blocks cell growth. 2-DG can induce Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stres through inhibition of protein glycosylation.Ouabain, a cardiotonic steroid, is a specific inhibitor of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Previous reports have shown that there might have been some roles of ouabain on apoptosis in human liver carcinoma cells. In addition to this, the relationship between ouabain and UPR is not known well. Therefore, we have planned to invastigate the possible effects of ouabain on UPR, proliferation and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. In this study, we aimed to examine the pharmacological effect of ouabain with/without 2-DG on UPR and apoptosis in HepG2 cell line.HepG2 cells were cultured overnight in 96-well plates (5x103/well) and then treated with 0.75 nM, 7.5 nM, 75 nM and 750 nM ouabain, in the absence or presence of 10 mM 2-DG during 24 and 48 hours. We also measured quantitatively expression levels of Grp78, Grp94, CHOP, XBP-1, MTJ-1, Cav-1, HKII, MDR-1, MRP-1, HO-1, Par-4 by RT-PCR. PCR-RFLP was also performed to determine IRE1? activity. Cell number, viability and proliferation of HepG2 cells were evaluated by real time cell analyzer system.0.75, 7.5 and 75 nM ouabain did not cause cytotoxicity whereas they were very effective under 2-DG stress conditions, as evidenced by real time cell analysis based on electrical impedance signal. 0,75 and 7,5 nM ouabain have the reducing effects on chemoresistance, as suggested by down-regulated MDR-1 expression compared with control. 75 nM ouabain alone induced Grp78 expression, paradoxically, it effectively suppressed 2-DG-induced Grp78 induction, thereby sensitizing HepG2 cells to cytotoxicity. When combined with 2-DG, ouabain decreased both HKII and HO-1 expressions as opposed to 2-DG alone. Par-4 was up-regulated dose-dependently by ouabain alone and it was more pronounced when combined with 2-DG, thereby possibly inducing apoptosis. We also showed that XBP-1 mRNA splicing was activated by 75 nM ouabain.As a result of our findings, ouabain is not a typical UPR inducer but it can be sensitized cytotoxicity or apoptosis to HepG2 cells in glucose deprivation condition. The UPR disrupted by ouabain in presence 2-DG could be an attractive approach for killing selective cancer cell, and ouabain treatment could provide a chemical basis for developing UPR-targeting drugs against solid tumors. Ouabain as an adjunct to conventional cancer therapy also warrants vigorous investigation.Keywords: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Unfolded Protein Response; Ouabain; 2-deoxyglucose; Apoptosis
Glucose deprivation is a condition that occurs in interior of solid tumors and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cells. 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a synthetic glucose analogue that inhibits glycolysis and blocks cell growth. 2-DG can induce Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stres through inhibition of protein glycosylation.Ouabain, a cardiotonic steroid, is a specific inhibitor of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Previous reports have shown that there might have been some roles of ouabain on apoptosis in human liver carcinoma cells. In addition to this, the relationship between ouabain and UPR is not known well. Therefore, we have planned to invastigate the possible effects of ouabain on UPR, proliferation and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. In this study, we aimed to examine the pharmacological effect of ouabain with/without 2-DG on UPR and apoptosis in HepG2 cell line.HepG2 cells were cultured overnight in 96-well plates (5x103/well) and then treated with 0.75 nM, 7.5 nM, 75 nM and 750 nM ouabain, in the absence or presence of 10 mM 2-DG during 24 and 48 hours. We also measured quantitatively expression levels of Grp78, Grp94, CHOP, XBP-1, MTJ-1, Cav-1, HKII, MDR-1, MRP-1, HO-1, Par-4 by RT-PCR. PCR-RFLP was also performed to determine IRE1? activity. Cell number, viability and proliferation of HepG2 cells were evaluated by real time cell analyzer system.0.75, 7.5 and 75 nM ouabain did not cause cytotoxicity whereas they were very effective under 2-DG stress conditions, as evidenced by real time cell analysis based on electrical impedance signal. 0,75 and 7,5 nM ouabain have the reducing effects on chemoresistance, as suggested by down-regulated MDR-1 expression compared with control. 75 nM ouabain alone induced Grp78 expression, paradoxically, it effectively suppressed 2-DG-induced Grp78 induction, thereby sensitizing HepG2 cells to cytotoxicity. When combined with 2-DG, ouabain decreased both HKII and HO-1 expressions as opposed to 2-DG alone. Par-4 was up-regulated dose-dependently by ouabain alone and it was more pronounced when combined with 2-DG, thereby possibly inducing apoptosis. We also showed that XBP-1 mRNA splicing was activated by 75 nM ouabain.As a result of our findings, ouabain is not a typical UPR inducer but it can be sensitized cytotoxicity or apoptosis to HepG2 cells in glucose deprivation condition. The UPR disrupted by ouabain in presence 2-DG could be an attractive approach for killing selective cancer cell, and ouabain treatment could provide a chemical basis for developing UPR-targeting drugs against solid tumors. Ouabain as an adjunct to conventional cancer therapy also warrants vigorous investigation.Keywords: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Unfolded Protein Response; Ouabain; 2-deoxyglucose; Apoptosis
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Tez (tıpta uzmanlık) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2011
Libra Kayıt No: 77628
Libra Kayıt No: 77628
Keywords
Biyokimya, Antineoplastik Ajanlar, Apoptozis, Endoplazmik Retikulum, Hücre Dizisi, Karsinoma-Hepatoselüler, Biochemistry, Antineoplastic Agents, Ouabain, Apoptosis, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Steroidler, Cell Line, Carcinoma-Hepatocellular, Stres, Ouabain, Steroids, İlaçlar, Stress, Drugs, İlaçlar-Araştırma Safhasında, Drugs-Investigational
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