Effects of Wheel Traffic and Farmyard Manure Applications on Soil $CO_2$ Emission and Soil Oxygen Content

Abstract

This 2-year field study investigated the effects of different wheel traffic passes, manure amounts, and manure applicationmethods on soil temperature, soil moisture, $CO_2$ emission, and soil $O_2$ content. To achieve this purpose, three different wheel trafficapplications (no traffic, one pass, and two passes) were used. In the experiments, two different methods of manure applications (surfaceand subsurface) and three different farmyard manure amounts were used with a control plot ($N_0$), 40 Mg $ha^{–1}$ (N40), and 80 Mg $ha^{–1}$(N80). Manure was applied in both years of the experiment in the first week of April. For the subsurface application, the manure wasmixed in at approximately 10 cm of soil depth with a rotary tiller. According to the results, soil temperature, soil moisture, penetrationresistance, and bulk density increased with increasing wheel traffic except $CO_2$ emission for 2014 and 2015. $CO_2$ emission valuesdecreased with traffic. Subsurface manure application caused more $CO_2$ emission compared to surface application. The increase inmanure amounts led to an increase in $CO_2$ emission and soil moisture content. The effects on soil $O_2$ content were observed only during2015. Maximum oxygen values were obtained in the plots where compaction was not applied. In addition, surface manure applicationcaused more soil $O_2$ content compared to subsurface application.