Publication: Muvahhidler Dönemi (1130-1269) Mezhep Hareketleri
Abstract
Bu çalışmada XII. ve XIII. yüzyıllarda Kuzey Afrika ve Endülüs'te siyasî, ekonomik, coğrafi, askerî olarak önemli bir medeniyet inşa eden Muvahhidler'in dînî, itikâdî ve mezhebi görüşleri ele alınmıştır. Bu dönemin banisi, fikir babası olan, yetiştirdiği öğrenciler ve siyasi liderler ile döneme damgasını vuran Berberî lider Muhammed b. Tûmert'in akidevî fikirleri, bu fikirlere dayanan siyasi ve askerî faaliyetlerin oluşturduğu dînî etki analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Dînî kişiliğini Hicaz ve önemli İslam başkentlerinde şekillendiren İbn Tûmert'in Murâbıtlar Devleti'nin (1056-1147 m.) dînî konularda sergilediği tavizkar tutumu ve dîne sokulan hurafeler konusunda tepkisiz kalışlarını sert ifadelerle eleştirmiş olması Murâbıtlar Devleti'nin halk nezdindeki itibarının önemli ölçüde zedelenmesine neden olmuştur. İbn Tûmert'in keskin dilli eleştirileri sebebiyle Murâbıtlar tarafından çeşitli cezalara çarptırılması ve nihayetinde memleketinden sürgün edilmesi kendisine mezhebî fikirlerini yaymak için daha büyük imkânlar sunmuştur. Murâbıtlar'ın tavizkȃr din anlayışı karşısında tavizsiz ve cihad eksenli bir din anlayışını savunan İbn Tûmert'in fikirleri kurmuş olduğu Muvahhidler Devleti (1130-1269 m.) ile kurumsal kimliğe bürünmüş ve fikirleri yaklaşık bir buçuk asır boyunca Afrika'nın kuzeyinde ve Endülüs'te etkisini göstermeye devam etmiştir. Bu bir buçuk asırlık zaman diliminde bölgede, farklı dînî anlayışlardan kaynaklanan ihtilafların olduğu birçok münazara yapılmış, birbirine reddiye niteliğinde olan bir çok eser yazılmış, en nihayetinde karşılıklı taraflar kozlarını paylaşabilmek için savaş meydanlarına inmişler ve birçok kanlı savaşların müsebbibi olmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada bu söz konusu gelişmelerin arka planında yer alan dînî-îtikadî sebeplerin neler olduğu ve bu sebeplerin îtikadî birer mezhep olarak nasıl sistemleştiği konu edilecektir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Hilafet, Muvahhidler, Mezheb, İbn Tûmert.
This study focuses on the sectarian movements during the Muwahhid Era in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Muslim Arabs created a significant civilization in North Africa, Andalusia and experienced important political, economic, geographical and military developments in this era. One of the important topics that this study covers is the political and military activities as well as his religious thoughts of Muhammad İbn Tûmert, a principal Berberî leader and mentor who greatly influenced the era. Ibn Tûmert received his religious education in Hijaz and other important cities of İslâm and harshly criticized some of the concessive religious understanding and practices of the leaders of al-Murâbıt State (1056-1147). His critiques, particularly his stand against the superstitions, became one of the damaging factors of the reputation of these leaders and thus weakened the prestige of the state in the eyes of the people. Punished and exiled by the Murâbıts due to his harsh criticism, Ibn Tûmert found better opportunities to spread his ideas. He established the jihad-based Muwahhid State (1130-1269) to materialize his uncompromising religious beliefs. His state was in power for about one and a half century in the north of Africa and in Andalusia. This period saw many disputes based on the differences in the understanding of religion. Anumber of refutations books were written and these tensions eventually escalated into bloody wars, as it always happens in the course of human history when people do not prevent themselves from entering into wars if there are religious differences and material gains. This study aims to cover what were the religious-theological reasons in the background of these political and military developments and how they were systemized as a religious sect. Keywords: Caliphate, Al Mohad, Sect, Ibn Tūmart.
This study focuses on the sectarian movements during the Muwahhid Era in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Muslim Arabs created a significant civilization in North Africa, Andalusia and experienced important political, economic, geographical and military developments in this era. One of the important topics that this study covers is the political and military activities as well as his religious thoughts of Muhammad İbn Tûmert, a principal Berberî leader and mentor who greatly influenced the era. Ibn Tûmert received his religious education in Hijaz and other important cities of İslâm and harshly criticized some of the concessive religious understanding and practices of the leaders of al-Murâbıt State (1056-1147). His critiques, particularly his stand against the superstitions, became one of the damaging factors of the reputation of these leaders and thus weakened the prestige of the state in the eyes of the people. Punished and exiled by the Murâbıts due to his harsh criticism, Ibn Tûmert found better opportunities to spread his ideas. He established the jihad-based Muwahhid State (1130-1269) to materialize his uncompromising religious beliefs. His state was in power for about one and a half century in the north of Africa and in Andalusia. This period saw many disputes based on the differences in the understanding of religion. Anumber of refutations books were written and these tensions eventually escalated into bloody wars, as it always happens in the course of human history when people do not prevent themselves from entering into wars if there are religious differences and material gains. This study aims to cover what were the religious-theological reasons in the background of these political and military developments and how they were systemized as a religious sect. Keywords: Caliphate, Al Mohad, Sect, Ibn Tūmart.
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