Optimizing the Drying Conditions of Date Plum (Diospyros lotus L.) to Conserve Its Phenolic Content and Antioxidants for Preparing a Highly Bioaccessible Polyphenol-Rich Tea

Abstract

Date plum (Diospyros lotus L.) fruits are a good source of bioactive compounds and antioxidants. Drying can increase the shelf life of the fruit and its applications in the food development industry. Optimizing the drying conditions can help to produce prime-quality dried date plum fruits and conserve nutrients including phytochemicals. This study used a two-factor graphics-optimal design to optimize convective drying considering the air velocity and drying temperature of date plum fruits. The independent factors considered included drying temperature (43.78-86.21 degrees C) and air velocities (0.54-1.96 m/s), and the responses included total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of date plum fruit. The optimized drying conditions (68 degrees C and 1.75 m/s) resulted in desirable TPC, TFC, FRAP, and DPPH values. The findings indicated that long drying time at low temperatures significantly decreased the phenolics and antioxidants. Date plum tea with different decoction times (5, 10, and 15 min) was prepared from fruits dried at optimum conditions. A decoction time of 5 min resulted in the highest catechin, vanillic, epicatechin, syringic acid, and quercetin-3-glucoside content, which were 2.45 +/- 0.04, 11.06 +/- 0.11, 22.03 +/- 0.11, 12.95 +/- 0.08, and 9.37 +/- 0.10 mg/L; respectively. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion revealed that the tea product can be a source of highly bioaccessible (> 80%) gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, and quercetin-3-glucoside. Applying optimized drying conditions to dehydrate date plum fruit can be useful in preparing a highly bioaccessible polyphenol-rich tea.