Publication: Adalet ve Zabt Bakımından Sahâbe Hakkında Bazı Tartışmalar
Abstract
Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerinin geneline göre sahâbe neslinin âdil kabul edildiği bilinen bir husustur. Modern dönem Müslüman araştırmacılardan bazılarının Ehl-i sünnetin sahâbenin adaleti hakkındaki bu genel kabulünü benimsemedikleri gözlemlenmektedir. Söz gelimi sahâbenin hadis uydurduğu dahi iddia edilebilmiştir. Ayrıca ülkemizdeki kimi araştırmacılar bazı sahâbîlerin fısk, cehâlet vb. adalet kusurları yönünden cerh edilebileceğini öne sürmüşlerdir. Biz de tezimizde önce sahâbenin tanımına dair bilgi verdik. Daha sonra tarihten günümüze sahâbeye yönelik tenkitleri başlıklar halinde sıraladık. Sonrasında tezimizin asıl kısmını oluşturan sahâbenin adalet sıfatına yönelik tenkitleri başlıklar halinde incelemeye çalıştık. Öncelikle Ebû Hüreyre'nin hadis uydurduğuna dair ithamların yerinde olmadığını gördük. İkinci olarak bazı sahâbîlerin fıskına delil getirilen âyet ve hadisleri inceledik. Bu âyet ve hadislerin başka anlamlara hamledilebileceğini müşahede ettik. Ardından fısku'r-râvî açısından hayli tartışılan bir isim olan Velîd b. Ukbe hakkındaki iddiaları inceledik. Zira kendisi hakkında Kur'an tarafından fâsık olarak nitelendirildiğine dair rivâyetler mevcuttu. Ancak söz konusu rivâyetlerin sahih olmadığını müşahede ettik. Öte yandan Velîd b. Ukbe'nin içki içtiğine dair rivâyetler de bulunmaktaydı. Bu rivâyetlerin ise sahih olduğunu gördük. Ancak hadis usulünde genel bir kaide olarak tövbe edenin rivâyeti kabul edilmiştir. İmam Şâfiî ise itaati ağır basanın adaletli kabul edileceğini, isyanı ağır basanın ise cerh edileceğini söylemektedir. Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerinin sahâbeyi âdil kabul ederken onları masum saymadıkları da bilinmektedir. Bu bilgiler ışığında Velîd b. Ukbe'nin bu hâlinin Ehl-i sünnetin sahâbenin hepsini âdil kabul ettiğine dair görüşüyle çelişmediği kanaatine vardık. Sahâbeyi cehâletü'r-râvî bağlamında da incelemeye çalıştık. Ancak burada bizim kastımız herhangi bir şahsın sahâbîliğinin kesin olup olmadığının incelenmesidir. Sahâbî olduğu kesin olmayan bir kimsenin sahâbiliği kesin olan biriyle eşit seviyede kabul edilip âdil sahâbe grubuna dâhil edilmemesi gerektiği kanaatine vardık. Ebû Reyye Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerinin sahâbeyi masum sayıp, hata ve unutma gibi zabt kusurlarından tenzih ettiklerini iddia etmiştir. Ancak tâbiûn neslinden itibaren Ehl-i sünnetten olan bazı isimlerin sahâbenin zabtını tenkid ettiklerine dair verdiğimiz örnekler onun bu iddiasının yerinde olmadığını göstermektedir.
It is a known fact that the generation of the Sahaba is considered fair according to the general view of the scholars of Ahl as-sunnah. It is observed that some of the modern-period Muslim researchers do not adopt this general acceptance of the Ahl as-Sunnah about the justice of the Companions. It has also been claimed that the Companions fabricated hadith. In addition, some researchers in our country, also claim some of the Sahaba could be a subject to jarh (criticizing) in terms of faults of justice, fisk, ignorance, etc. In our dissertation, we first gave information about the definition of the Sahaba. Then, we have listed the criticisms against the Sahaba from past to today with titles. Afterwards, we tried to analyze, under headings, the jarh of the Sahaba about the adjective of justice, which is the base of our dissertation. Firstly, we saw that the accusation that Abu Huraira fabricated hadiths was not correct. Secondly, we examined the verses and hadiths that were used as evidence for the fısq of some sahabas. We observed that these verses and hadiths can be interpreted with other meanings. On the other hand, there were also rumors of Velid b. Ukba's drinking alcohol. We have seen that these narrations are authentic. However, the repentant's narration was accepted in the general rule in hadith method. Imam Shafii, on the other hand, says that the one whose obedience predominates will be considered just, and the one whose fisq outweighs will be criticised. It is also known that while the scholars of Ahl as-sunnah regarded the Sahaba as just, they did not consider them innocent. In the light of this information, we concluded that this state of Velid b. Ukba does not contradict the view of the Ahl as-sunnah that considers all of the sahaba just. We also tried to examine the sahabas in the context of the narrator's ignorance. However, our intention is to examine whether a person is a sahaba or not. We have reached to the conclusion that a person who is not certain to be a sahaba is not equal to a person who is definitely known to be a sahaba. That's why we say that these people should not be included in the group of just sahabas. Abu Rayya claimed that the scholars of Ahl as-sunnah regarded the Companions as innocent and exempted them from the faults of record such as error, mistake and forgetting. However, the examples we gave showing that Ahl as-sunnah scholars criticize the record of the sahaba show that this claim of his is not correct.
It is a known fact that the generation of the Sahaba is considered fair according to the general view of the scholars of Ahl as-sunnah. It is observed that some of the modern-period Muslim researchers do not adopt this general acceptance of the Ahl as-Sunnah about the justice of the Companions. It has also been claimed that the Companions fabricated hadith. In addition, some researchers in our country, also claim some of the Sahaba could be a subject to jarh (criticizing) in terms of faults of justice, fisk, ignorance, etc. In our dissertation, we first gave information about the definition of the Sahaba. Then, we have listed the criticisms against the Sahaba from past to today with titles. Afterwards, we tried to analyze, under headings, the jarh of the Sahaba about the adjective of justice, which is the base of our dissertation. Firstly, we saw that the accusation that Abu Huraira fabricated hadiths was not correct. Secondly, we examined the verses and hadiths that were used as evidence for the fısq of some sahabas. We observed that these verses and hadiths can be interpreted with other meanings. On the other hand, there were also rumors of Velid b. Ukba's drinking alcohol. We have seen that these narrations are authentic. However, the repentant's narration was accepted in the general rule in hadith method. Imam Shafii, on the other hand, says that the one whose obedience predominates will be considered just, and the one whose fisq outweighs will be criticised. It is also known that while the scholars of Ahl as-sunnah regarded the Sahaba as just, they did not consider them innocent. In the light of this information, we concluded that this state of Velid b. Ukba does not contradict the view of the Ahl as-sunnah that considers all of the sahaba just. We also tried to examine the sahabas in the context of the narrator's ignorance. However, our intention is to examine whether a person is a sahaba or not. We have reached to the conclusion that a person who is not certain to be a sahaba is not equal to a person who is definitely known to be a sahaba. That's why we say that these people should not be included in the group of just sahabas. Abu Rayya claimed that the scholars of Ahl as-sunnah regarded the Companions as innocent and exempted them from the faults of record such as error, mistake and forgetting. However, the examples we gave showing that Ahl as-sunnah scholars criticize the record of the sahaba show that this claim of his is not correct.
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