Publication: Sürdürülebilir Turizmde Yerel Halkın Tutumu ve Güçlendirilmesi: Boğazkale Örneği
Abstract
Sürdürülebilir turizm ekonomik gelişime, sosyo–kültürel ve çevresel kaynakların korunmasına, yerel halkın ve ziyaretçilerin ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasını ön planda tutan ve destinasyonların yaşam seyirlerini şekillendiren bir yaklaşım olarak tanımlanabilir. Bir destinasyonda turizmin sürdürülebilir olarak devam ettirilebilmesi için paydaşlar kritik bir öneme sahiptir ve yerel halkın turizme karşı algı ve tutumlarını anlamak, turizm araştırmalarında en önemli konulardandır. Bu bağlamda yerel halkın, turizmde güçlendirilmesi, alınan kararlarda ve planlamalarda dahil edilmesi sürdürülebilir turizmin önemli bileşenlerindendir. Bu çalışmada, Boğazkale ilçe sakinlerinin turizmin etkileri ve turizm gelişimine karşı algı ve tutumlarının 'Turizmden Algılanan Kişisel Ekonomik Fayda' ve 'Turizmde Güçlendirme (psikolojik, sosyal ve politik)' faktörleri üzerinden Sosyal Değişim Teorisi (SDT) ve Weber'in Biçimsel (Formal) ve Özsel (Substantive) Rasyonalite Kuramı (WBÖRK) ile ampirik olarak açıklanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Boğazkale sakinlerine uygulanan 311 anketten elde edilen veriler Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) ile analiz edilerek, araştırmada önerilen model ve hipotezler test edilmiştir. Ayrıca içinde birçok boyutu barındıran sürdürülebilir turizmde önemli bir noktada destinasyonun yaşam seyridir. Keşif aşamasıyla başlayan destinasyonların yaşam seyirleri çeşitli nedenlere bağlı olarak çöküş sürecine doğru devam etmektedir. Destinasyonun yaşam seyrini devam ettirmesi, çöküş aşamasının ertelenmesi veya çöküş aşamasında olan destinasyonun yeniden canlandırılması destinasyonların turizm gelişimlerinin hangi aşamada olduklarının ve nasıl bir gelişim seyri izlediklerinin tespitine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, Butler (1980) Destinasyonların Yaşam Döngüsü modelinin kültürel miras turizmi için önemli bir destinasyon olan ve UNESCO Kültür Miras Listesi ve Dünya Belleği Listesi'nde yer alan Boğazkale'de uygulanabilirliğini belirlemektir. Boğazkale destinasyonunun Butler (1980) Destinasyonların Yaşam Döngüsü modeli kapsamında hangi yaşam evresinde olduğunu analiz etmek ve destinasyonda yaşayan paydaşların turizmin ekonomik, sosyo–kültürel ve çevresel etkilerine yönelik algı ve tutumlarını tespit etmek, destinasyon planlamacı, politika yapıcılara ve yöneticilere yönelik önerilerde bulunmaktır.
Sustainable tourism can be defined as an approach that prioritizes economic development, protection of socio-cultural and environmental resources, meeting the needs of residents and visitors, and shapes the life course of destinations. Stakeholders are of critical importance for the sustainability of tourism in a destination and understanding the perceptions and attitudes of residents towards tourism is one of the most important issues in tourism research. In this context, empowering the residents in tourism and including them in the decisions and planning are important components of sustainable tourism. In this study, the perceptions and attitudes of the residents of Boğazkale district towards the effect and development of tourism were examined by the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Weber's Theory of Formal and Substantive Rationality (WTFSR) based on Economic Benefit from Tourism and Community Empowerment in Tourism (psychological, social and political). In this context, the models and hypothesis proposed in the research were tested by analyzing the data obtained from 311 questionnaires applied to Boğazkale residents with the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Also, the life course of the destination is an another important point in sustainable tourism which includes many dimensions. The life course of the destination which starts with discovery phase continues to collapse due to various reasons. The continuation of the life course of the destination, the postponement of the collapse stage or the revitalization of the destination that is in the collapse stage depends on the determination of the tourism development of the destinations and what kind of development they follow. In this study, it was aimed to determine the applicability of the Butler (1980) 'The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)' model in Boğazkale, which is an important destination in terms of cultural heritage tourism and is included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage List and World Memory List. For this purpose, it was tried to analyze what life course Boğazkale destination is in within the scope of Butler (1980) 'The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)' model and to determine the perceptions and attitudes of the stakeholders living in the destination towards the economic, socio-cultural and environmental effects of tourism. Also, this study makes recommendations to planners, policy makers and managers about the destination.
Sustainable tourism can be defined as an approach that prioritizes economic development, protection of socio-cultural and environmental resources, meeting the needs of residents and visitors, and shapes the life course of destinations. Stakeholders are of critical importance for the sustainability of tourism in a destination and understanding the perceptions and attitudes of residents towards tourism is one of the most important issues in tourism research. In this context, empowering the residents in tourism and including them in the decisions and planning are important components of sustainable tourism. In this study, the perceptions and attitudes of the residents of Boğazkale district towards the effect and development of tourism were examined by the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Weber's Theory of Formal and Substantive Rationality (WTFSR) based on Economic Benefit from Tourism and Community Empowerment in Tourism (psychological, social and political). In this context, the models and hypothesis proposed in the research were tested by analyzing the data obtained from 311 questionnaires applied to Boğazkale residents with the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Also, the life course of the destination is an another important point in sustainable tourism which includes many dimensions. The life course of the destination which starts with discovery phase continues to collapse due to various reasons. The continuation of the life course of the destination, the postponement of the collapse stage or the revitalization of the destination that is in the collapse stage depends on the determination of the tourism development of the destinations and what kind of development they follow. In this study, it was aimed to determine the applicability of the Butler (1980) 'The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)' model in Boğazkale, which is an important destination in terms of cultural heritage tourism and is included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage List and World Memory List. For this purpose, it was tried to analyze what life course Boğazkale destination is in within the scope of Butler (1980) 'The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)' model and to determine the perceptions and attitudes of the stakeholders living in the destination towards the economic, socio-cultural and environmental effects of tourism. Also, this study makes recommendations to planners, policy makers and managers about the destination.
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