Publication: Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Parion'da Nekro-Sosyal Süreklilik ve Değişim: Güney (Tavşandere) Nekropolü
Abstract
Parion, MÖ 709 yılında Troas Bölgesi'nin kuzeydoğusunda kurulmuş bir liman kentidir. Kent, günümüz Çanakkale İli, Biga İlçesi, Kemer Köyünde yer almaktadır. 2004 yılında yapılan kurtarma kazısı ile Parion kent merkezinin 1 km güneyinde yer alan Güney (Tavşandere) Nekropolü tespit edilerek günümüze kadar sistemli kazılar ile bir kısmı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile söz konusu nekropol ve buluntuları bir bütün olarak incelenmiştir. Parion'un Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemi nüfusunun etnik, demografik, kültürel, sosyal, dini ve ekonomik yapılarının ölü gömme gelenekleri üzerinden kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2005-2023 yılı arasında kazısı tamamlanan Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemi'ne ait mezar ve buluntuları incelenmiştir. 218 adet mezar, tipolojik olarak sınıflandılmış, dönemi ve yapıldığı gömü evresi belirlenmiştir. Mezar içinde ve dışında ele geçen 1379 adet envanterlik ve etütlük niteliğindeki buluntular, bulunduğu kontekst esas alınarak analojik çalışma ile tarihlendirilmiştir. Ölü eşyası ve mezar hediyelerinin, günlük yaşamda kullanıldıkları işlevlerine ve mezara bırakılma amaçlarına göre fonksiyonel olarak tasnifi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen materyal veri incelenerek birey ve toplumun, ölü gömme gelenekleri içerisindeki düşünce ve aksiyonu değerlendirilmiştir. Verilerin analizi ile Parion toplumunun inanç, sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik yapısının Güney Nekropolü'ne yansıması net olarak görülmüştür. Mezarlara bırakılan buluntuların niteliği ve yerleştirilmesinde yaş, cinsiyet ve statünün gözetilerek tercih edildiği, fakat mesleki öğelerin temsil edilmediği anlaşılmıştır. Mezar sahibinin ölüm anından itibaren gömü öncesi, esnası ve sonrasında yakınları tarafından gerçekleştirilen cenaze törenleri içerisinde yer alan adak sunularının somut bulguları saptanmıştır. Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'nde kentte gerçekleştirilen imar çalışmaları ile önceki dönemlere ait yapılar büyük oranda tahribata uğramıştır. Nekropol haricinde, çalışılan diğer sektörler tahribat nedeniyle Hellenistik Dönem'e dair oldukça az veri sunmaktadır. Fakat mezar kontekstleri, Hellenistik Dönem'de Hellen-Trak kültürü ile Makedon kültürü arasındaki etnik, demografik ve kültürel anlamda süreklilik ve değişimini gözler önüne sermiştir. Parion, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun İus İtalicum yasasıyla sivil ve asker kökenli vatandaşlarının yerleştirildiği kentler arasında yer almıştır. Dolayısıyla dışardan gelen yeni vatandaşların kendi kültürel öğelerini de mezar mimarilerine ve geleneklerine yansıttığı hibrit ve özgün bulgular ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Parion is a port city established in 709 BC in the northeast of the Troad Region. The city is located in the village of Kemer, Biga District, Çanakkale Province today. Through a rescue excavation conducted in 2004, the South (Tavşandere) Necropolis, situated 1 km south of the Parion city center, was identified and partially revealed through systematic excavations up to the present. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the necropolis and findings of Parion's Hellenistic and Roman Period societies through burial traditions, examining their ethnic, demographic, cultural, social, religious, and economic structures. The tombs and artifacts from the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, excavated between 2005 and 2023, have been examined. A total of 218 tombs have been typologically classified, and their period and burial phase have been determined. The 1379 inventorial and illustrative artifacts found inside and outside the tombs have been chronologically dated through analogical studies based on their contexts. The functional classification of burial goods and grave offerings has been made according to their purposes in daily life and the intentions behind placing them in the tombs. The material data obtained have been examined to evaluate the thoughts and actions of individuals and society within the burial traditions. The analysis of the data reveals a clear reflection of the Parion community's beliefs, socio-cultural, and economic structures in the South Necropolis. It is understood that the quality and placement of the artifacts left in the tombs are chosen with consideration of age, gender, and status, but professional elements are not represented. The concrete findings of offerings made during funeral ceremonies by relatives before, during, and after burial for the deceased tomb owner have been identified. Due to the construction works carried out in the city during the Roman Imperial Period, buildings from previous periods were greatly damaged. Except for the necropolis, the other sectors studied provide very little data about the Hellenistic Period due to destruction. However, tomb contexts highlight the ethnic, demographic, and cultural continuity and change between the Hellen-Thracian culture and Macedonian culture during the Hellenistic Period. Parion is among the cities where civilian and military citizens were settled under the Roman Empire's Ius Italicum law. Therefore, hybrid and unique findings have been uncovered, reflecting the cultural elements of new citizens from outside in tomb architectures and traditions.
Parion is a port city established in 709 BC in the northeast of the Troad Region. The city is located in the village of Kemer, Biga District, Çanakkale Province today. Through a rescue excavation conducted in 2004, the South (Tavşandere) Necropolis, situated 1 km south of the Parion city center, was identified and partially revealed through systematic excavations up to the present. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the necropolis and findings of Parion's Hellenistic and Roman Period societies through burial traditions, examining their ethnic, demographic, cultural, social, religious, and economic structures. The tombs and artifacts from the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, excavated between 2005 and 2023, have been examined. A total of 218 tombs have been typologically classified, and their period and burial phase have been determined. The 1379 inventorial and illustrative artifacts found inside and outside the tombs have been chronologically dated through analogical studies based on their contexts. The functional classification of burial goods and grave offerings has been made according to their purposes in daily life and the intentions behind placing them in the tombs. The material data obtained have been examined to evaluate the thoughts and actions of individuals and society within the burial traditions. The analysis of the data reveals a clear reflection of the Parion community's beliefs, socio-cultural, and economic structures in the South Necropolis. It is understood that the quality and placement of the artifacts left in the tombs are chosen with consideration of age, gender, and status, but professional elements are not represented. The concrete findings of offerings made during funeral ceremonies by relatives before, during, and after burial for the deceased tomb owner have been identified. Due to the construction works carried out in the city during the Roman Imperial Period, buildings from previous periods were greatly damaged. Except for the necropolis, the other sectors studied provide very little data about the Hellenistic Period due to destruction. However, tomb contexts highlight the ethnic, demographic, and cultural continuity and change between the Hellen-Thracian culture and Macedonian culture during the Hellenistic Period. Parion is among the cities where civilian and military citizens were settled under the Roman Empire's Ius Italicum law. Therefore, hybrid and unique findings have been uncovered, reflecting the cultural elements of new citizens from outside in tomb architectures and traditions.
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