Publication: Türkiye'de Yer Değiştiren Şehirlerin Tekrar Yer Değiştirmesi: Erbaa (Tokat) Örneği
Abstract
Çalışma alanı Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin Orta Karadeniz Bölümü'nde Tokat'a bağlı, Erbaa ilçe merkezidir. Erbaa Kuzey Anadolu fay hattında ve Kelkit Nehri'nin taşıdığı alüvyal dolgu üzerine kurulmuştur. Genç bir arazi yapısına sahip olduğu için yaşanan depremlerden (1939-40-41-42) çok fazla etkilenmiş, büyük yıkıma sahne olmuştur. Yaşanılan bu büyük depremler sonrasında Erbaa şehrinin artık eski yerine tekrar kurulamayacağını düşünen yetkililer şehri 2 km güneye eski yerine göre daha dayanıklı pliyosen yaşlı alana taşımışlardır. Zamanla şehir, kuzey kesimi yani eski yerleşim yerini de içine alarak büyümüştür. Çalışmanın amacı şehrin deprem riskinin fazla olduğu alana yani eski Erbaa'ya doğru genişlemesinin nedenlerini ve etkilerini incelemek, tehlikeli olmasına rağmen insanları deprem bölgesine çeken unsurları saptamaktır. Çalışmada eski Erbaa olarak isimlendirilen kesimlere yerleşenlerin kökenleri, nereden geldikleri, bu alanı niçin tercih ettikleri araştırılmış, bu hareketin doğru bir hareket olup olmadığı tartışılmıştır. Geçmişte büyük bir deprem yaşayan ve hafızalara kazınan bu felaket henüz unutulmamışken riskli alanların iskâna açılmasının doğru olup olmadığı, yeni Erbaa'nın hemen yakınındaki böyle bir sahanın yerleşmeye yasak alan olarak kalmasının gerekli mi gereksiz mi olduğu, depreme dayanıklı mimari çözümlerin günümüz şartlarında dünyanın her tarafında yaygın olarak güvenle kullanılırken aynı teknikler kullanılarak eski Erbaa'nın iskâna açılmasının ne gibi bir mahzuru olacağı gibi hususlar bu tartışmaların özünü oluşturmaktadır. Erbaa; eski (taşınılan), merkez ve güney yamaçlar olmak üzere taşınma sürecine göre üç kısma ayrılmıştır. Bu alanlarda arazi çalışması, gözlem, görüşme metotları kullanılarak veri toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, eski Erbaa'da yaşayan insanların çoğunluğunun Erbaa ilçesinin yüksek dağ köylerinden geldikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu kişilere niçin iskâna yasak olan bu kesime yerleştikleri sorulduğunda alınan cevaplar; bu toprakların tarım ve hayvancılığa çok uygun olduğu, geldikleri köylere göre daha az çalışmayla birim alandan daha fazla verim aldıkları, su kaynaklarının bolluğu, deprem riski nedeniyle iskâna yasak olması sayesinde arazinin de ucuz olduğu gibi cevaplar alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Erbaa, Doğal Afetler, Deprem, Yeniden Yerleşme, Yerleşme Coğrafyası.
The study area is the town center of Erbaa, connected to Tokat, in the Central Black Sea Region of the Black Sea Region. Erbaa was founded on the North Anatolian fault line and on the alluvial fill carried by the Kelkit River. Since it has a young land structure, it was affected a lot by the earthquakes (1939-40-41-42) and witnessed great destruction. After these major earthquakes, the authorities, who thought that the city of Erbaa could not be rebuilt in its old place, moved the city 2 km to the south to a more durable Pliocene aged area than the old place. Over time, the city grew by including the northern part, that is, the old settlement. The aim of the study is to examine the causes and effects of the city's expansion towards the area where the earthquake risk is high, that is, to the old Erbaa, and to determine the factors that attract people to the earthquake zone, although it is dangerous. In the study, the origins of those who settled in the sections called old Erbaa, where they came from, why they preferred this area were investigated, and it was discussed whether this movement was the right one. While this disaster, which has experienced a great earthquake in the past and has been remembered, is not yet forgotten, whether it is right to open risky areas for settlement, whether it is necessary or unnecessary to keep such a site in the immediate vicinity of the new Erbaa as a prohibited area, and earthquake-resistant architectural solutions are widespread all over the world in today's conditions. Issues such as what would be the disadvantage of opening the old Erbaa to settlement by using the same techniques while being used safely as a building, constitute the essence of these discussions. Erbaa; It is divided into three parts according to the process of moving, namely old (moved), central and southern slopes. In these areas, data were collected using fieldwork, observation and interview methods. As a result of the research, it was determined that the majority of the people living in old Erbaa came from the high mountain villages of the Erbaa district. When these people were asked why they settled in this area where resettlement is prohibited, the answers received; agriculture of these lands. Responses have been received such as that it is very suitable for animal husbandry and animal husbandry, they get more efficiency from the unit area with less work compared to the villages they come from, the abundance of water resources, and the land is cheap due to the prohibition of resettlement due to earthquake risk. Key Words: Erbaa, Natural Disasters,Earthquake, Resettlement, Resettlement Geograph.
The study area is the town center of Erbaa, connected to Tokat, in the Central Black Sea Region of the Black Sea Region. Erbaa was founded on the North Anatolian fault line and on the alluvial fill carried by the Kelkit River. Since it has a young land structure, it was affected a lot by the earthquakes (1939-40-41-42) and witnessed great destruction. After these major earthquakes, the authorities, who thought that the city of Erbaa could not be rebuilt in its old place, moved the city 2 km to the south to a more durable Pliocene aged area than the old place. Over time, the city grew by including the northern part, that is, the old settlement. The aim of the study is to examine the causes and effects of the city's expansion towards the area where the earthquake risk is high, that is, to the old Erbaa, and to determine the factors that attract people to the earthquake zone, although it is dangerous. In the study, the origins of those who settled in the sections called old Erbaa, where they came from, why they preferred this area were investigated, and it was discussed whether this movement was the right one. While this disaster, which has experienced a great earthquake in the past and has been remembered, is not yet forgotten, whether it is right to open risky areas for settlement, whether it is necessary or unnecessary to keep such a site in the immediate vicinity of the new Erbaa as a prohibited area, and earthquake-resistant architectural solutions are widespread all over the world in today's conditions. Issues such as what would be the disadvantage of opening the old Erbaa to settlement by using the same techniques while being used safely as a building, constitute the essence of these discussions. Erbaa; It is divided into three parts according to the process of moving, namely old (moved), central and southern slopes. In these areas, data were collected using fieldwork, observation and interview methods. As a result of the research, it was determined that the majority of the people living in old Erbaa came from the high mountain villages of the Erbaa district. When these people were asked why they settled in this area where resettlement is prohibited, the answers received; agriculture of these lands. Responses have been received such as that it is very suitable for animal husbandry and animal husbandry, they get more efficiency from the unit area with less work compared to the villages they come from, the abundance of water resources, and the land is cheap due to the prohibition of resettlement due to earthquake risk. Key Words: Erbaa, Natural Disasters,Earthquake, Resettlement, Resettlement Geograph.
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