Quantum chemical investigation of the intra- and intermolecular proton transfer reactions and hydrogen bonding interactions in 4-amino-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione

Abstract

The intramolecular thione-thiol tautomerism and intermolecular double proton transfer reaction of the hydrogen-bonded thione and thiol dimers in the title triazole compound were studied at the B3LYP level of theory using 6-311++G(d,p) basis function. The influence of the solvent on the single and double proton transfer reactions was examined in three solvents (chloroform, methanol and water) using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) approximation. The computational results show that the thione tautomer is the most stable isomer with a very high tautomeric energy barrier both in the gas phase and in solution phase, indicating a quite disfavored process. The solvent effect is found to be sizable with increasing polarity. In the double proton transfer reaction, the thione dimer is found to be more stable than thiol dimer both in the gas phase and in solution phase. The energetic and thermodynamic parameters of the double proton transfer process show that the double proton exchange from thione dimer to thiol dimer is thermodynamically unfavored. However, the exchange from thiol dimer to thione dimer for the gas phase and water phase seems to be feasible with a low barrier height and with a negative value in enthalpy and free energy changes. In addition, the hydrogen bonding interactions were analyzed in the gas phase regarding their geometries and energies. It is found that all complex formations are enthalpically favored, and the stability of the H-bonds comes in the order of S1-H2 center dot center dot center dot N2 > N2-H2 center dot center dot center dot S1 > N3-H3B center dot center dot center dot O1. Finally, non-linear optical properties were carried out at the same calculation level in the gas phase.